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1、BriefSummaryofStylisticsGeneralStylisticsisthesciencewhichexploreshowreadersinteractwiththelanguagesoftextsinordertoexplainhowweunderstandandareaffectedbytextswhenwereadthem.Thestylisticmainly通述concernsabouttheexaminationof文体学是为一门教我们怎么更好的grammar,lexis,semantics,aswellas使用语言的一门学科,主要关注语法,phonologicalp
2、ropertiesanddiscursive词汇,语义,语音特征和表达手段。一devices.Ifsdevelopingandnotcome文体学目前是不完善的,处于发展阶tomaturitynow.段。Accordingtodifferentstandards,thestylisticsmainlydivideintotwomajortypes:linguisticstylisticsandliterarystylistics.Andtherearemanyschoolofstylisticssuchaslingvo-stylistics,literarystylistics,applied
3、stylistics,contrastive根据不同的标准,文体学分为两大stylistics,appliedstylisticsandsoon.类:普通文体学和文学文体学.并且文体学有许多不同的学派,如形式文体Inthebasicnotionsofstylistics,the学,话语文体学,文学文体学,应用文体学,社会文体学,认知文体学,relatedPragueSchooloftheearly比较文体学等。在文体学的基本概念中,expressivemeansandthestylisticdevicesshouldbenoticed.Expressivemeansofthelanguagea
4、reunitsofdifferentlanguagelevels:phonetic,morphological,word-building,syntactic,lexical,phraseological,whichservethepurposeoflogicalandemotionalintensificationoftheutterances.Astylisticdeviceisageneralizedpattern,whichactivatesaconsciousandintentionalintensificationofacertainpropertyofalanguageunit,
5、designedtoachieveaparticularartisticeffect.Stylisticsoriginsfromtheancientclassicalrhetoric,especiallytherhetoricofAristotle.Butthemodernstylisticstwentiethcentury.Intheearlytwentiethcentury,thefamouspersonofstylisticsisCharlesBallyandinthelatetwentiethcenturyisRomanJakobson.值得注意的是表达方式和文体手段。表达方式是表述特
6、定内容所使用的特定的语言方法,手段。文体手段为达成特定的艺术效果所普遍认可的特定组合。文体学起源于古老的经典修辞学,特别是亚里士多德的修辞论.但现代文体学起源于俄罗斯的形式主义和20世纪早期的相关的布拉格学派。20世纪rootsinRussianFormalismandthe早期的代表人物是法国的巴特利,20atleasttheMiddleKingdomperiod.The世纪晚期的则是罗曼雅各布森。ItisclearthattheStylisticshasmuchcontactswithRhetoric,.Rhetoricistheartofdiscourse,anartthataimsto
7、improvethecapabilityofwritersorspeakerstoinform,persuade,ormotivateparticularaudiencesinspecificsituations.ItsbestknowndefinitioncomesfromAristotle,whoconsidersitacounterpartofbothlogicandpolitics,andcallsitthefacultyofobservinginanygivencasetheEgyptiansheldeloquentspeakinginhighesteem,anditwasaskil
8、lthathadaveryhighvalueintheirsociety.文体学和修辞学密不可分。修辞,是依据题旨情景,运用各种表现手段方法,对语言材料进行加工,提高语言表达效果的一种活动,而研究这种I提高语言表达效果规律的科学,就叫做修辞学。西方修辞学发展史上,真正将修辞界定为一门学科的人是亚里士多德,他将修辞学界定为”在每一件事上发现可用的说服手段的能力/availablemeansofpersuasion.Rhetoric修辞学AboutthehistoryofRhetoric,Rhetoric修辞起源于美索不达米亚.在古埃及,hasitsoriginsinMesopotamia.And
9、In修辞学自中王国时期就存在,古埃及ancientEgypt,rhetorichadexistedsince人关注雄辩,认为修辞学在社会生活中具有重大价值。studymanifestedintheestablishmentofdepartmentsofrhetoricandspeechatacademicinstitutions,aswellastheformationofnationalandinternationalprofessionalorganizations.TheEgyptianrulesofrhetoricalso埃及的修辞原则明确定义:知道什clearlyspecifiedt
10、hatknowingwhennot么时候不说话是必不可少的,而且了tospeakisessential5andveryrespected,解非常受人尊敬和修辞的知识.古埃rhetoricalknowledgeTheirapproach及的修辞手法是雄辩和智慧的沉默的torhetoricwasthusa“balance平衡。他们演讲的原则强调坚持保持betweeneloquenceandwisesilence?现状的社会行为,并且他们认为好的Theirrulesofspeechalsostrongly演讲应该是受人支持的,有利于社会emphasized“adherencetosocial的,而不
11、是被人质疑的。在古中国,behaviorsthatsupportaconservative修辞回溯到中国的哲学家孔子和他的statusquoandtheyheldthatskilled追随者。在古希腊,最早涉及的是河speechshouldsupport,notquestion,马的伊利亚特。20世纪见证了修辞学society?InancientChina,rhetoricdates的再次兴起。当代学者继续在数世纪backtotheChinesephilosopher,的修辞传统上添砖加瓦,重新解释修Confucius.InancientGreece,theearliest辞学来说明人类交流的
12、重要性mentionoforatoricalskilloccursinHomersIliad,Attheturnofthe20thcentury,therewasarevivalofrhetoricalpersuasivearguments);memory(theprocessoflearningandmemorizingthespeechandpersuasivemessages.)Rhetorictypicallyprovideheuristicsforunderstandingdiscoveringanddevelopingargumentsforparticularsituations
13、.AndweshouldknowtheAristotle,sthreepersuasiveaudienceappeals:logos,pathos,andethos.Andthefivecanonsofrhetoric:invention,arrangement,style,memory,anddelivery.invention(theprocessofdevelopingarguments);style(determininghowtopresentthearguments);arrangement(organizingtheargumentsforextremeeffect);deliv
14、ery(thegestures,pronunciation,tone修辞学通常提供在特定条件下,矣于理解,认知和论据的探索法.-关于修辞,我们需要知道亚里士多德的修辞学三种劝说方式:|逻辑诉求,情感诉求,人格诉求,以及修辞五艺:取材,布局谋篇,朗诵法,表达技巧,默记:取材一一建立论据的过程;表达技巧如何表述布局谋略决定如何表达论据;朗诵法一一手势,发音,语调,表达论据的步骤;andpaceusedwhenpresentingthepossessed,possessor)默记一一学习和记忆演讲信息的过程Existentialprocesses(existent)Grammar语法Thesyste
15、moftransitivityisa及物性系统是一个语义系统,他把particulargrammaticalfacilityusedfor人们的经验表达出来,并指明过程所capturingexperienceinlanguageisthe涉及的参与者和环境成分。systemoftransitivity.Inthissystemjtcontainsixprocess(the在这个系统中,分为六个过程类型participant):(括号内为其参与者):Materialprocesses物质过程(actor,goal)(动作着,目标),Mentalprocesses心理过程(senser5phenomenon)(感觉者,现象),Behaviouralprocesses行为过程(behaver)(行为者),Processesofverbalization言语过程(sayer,verbiage,receiver)(说话者,说话内容,受话者)Relationalprocesses关系过程(carrier,attribute,identified,identifier,(载体,属性,被识别者,识别者,被占有者,占有者)Im