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1、【演讲者及介绍】Prosanta Chakrabarty普罗桑塔查克拉巴蒂，鱼类学家。通过研究鱼类来帮助解释人类和地球的进化。【演讲主题】40亿年的进化只需要6分钟翻译者Fish Mobius 校对者 Homer Li00:13If we evolved from monkeys, why are therestill monkeys? 如果我们从猴子进化而来，为什么现在仍然有猴子？00:18(Laughter) （笑声）00:19Well, because were not monkeys, werefish. 因为我们并不是猴子进化来的，我们是鱼。00:22(Laughter) （笑声）0
2、0:23Now, knowing youre a fish and not a monkeyis actually really important to understanding where we came from. I teach oneof the largest evolutionary biology classes in the US, and when my studentsfinally understand why I call them fish all the time, then I know Im gettingmy job done. But I always
3、have to start my classes by dispelling some hardwiredmyths, because without really knowing it, many of us were taught evolutionwrong. 了解你是一条鱼而不是一只猴子，对于理解我们从哪里来非常重要。我在教的一个班，是在美国学习生物进化论的最大的班级之一。当我的学生们最终理解了为什么我总叫他们鱼的时候，我明白我的目的达到了。但我总是不得不通过打破一些根深蒂固的传说来开始我的授课，因为在没有真正了解进化论前，我们大多数人都被灌输了错误的进化观念。00:51For ins
4、tance, were taught to say thetheory of evolution. There are actually many theories, and just like theprocess itself, the ones that best fit the data are the ones that survive tothis day. The one we know best is Darwinian natural selection. Thats theprocess by which organisms that best fit an environ
5、ment survive and get toreproduce, while those that are less fit slowly die off. And thats it.Evolution is as simple as that, and its a fact. 比如，我们被教导使用“进化论”这个词。实际上，有非常多的理论，就像这个过程本身，最能反映真实数据的理论就是那些被保存至今的理论。其中最广为人知的理论之一就是达尔文的自然选择论。在这种进化方式中，最适应环境的生物生存下来，并且得到繁衍，而那些相对来说不太适应环境的生物，会渐渐走向消亡。就是这样。进化就是这么简单，它是一
6、种事实。01:22Evolution is a fact as much as thetheory of gravity. You can prove it just as easily. You just needto look at your bellybutton that you share with other placental mammals, oryour backbone that you share with other vertebrates, or your DNA that you sharewith all other life on earth. Those tr
7、aits didnt pop up in humans. They werepassed down from different ancestors to all their descendants, not just us. 进化就像重力理论一样，是一种事实。你可以很容易地证明它。你只需要看看你的肚脐，那是你和其他胎生哺乳动物一样的地方，或者看看你的脊椎骨，那是你和其他脊椎动物一样的地方； 又或者你的DNA，那是你和 地球上其他生物相似的地方。这些特征并不会让人类与众不同。它们被不同的祖先 遗传给它们所有的后代。并不仅仅是我们。01:48But thats not really how we
8、 learn biologyearly on, is it? We learn plants and bacteria are primitive things, and fishgive rise to amphibians followed by reptiles and mammals, and then you get you,this perfectly evolved creature at the end of the line. But life doesnt evolvein a line, and it doesnt end with us. But were always
9、 shown evolution portrayedsomething like this, a monkey and a chimpanzee, some extinct humans, all on aforward and steady march to becoming us. But they dont become us any more thanwe would become them. Were also not the goal of evolution. 但这些并不是我们最早了解到的生物学，不是吗？我们知道植物和细菌是原生生物，然后是鱼类，进一步到两栖类，再到爬行动物和哺乳
10、动物，之后到人类自己，在进化的时间轴终点成为完美进化了的生物。但生物并不是在一条轴线上进化的，也不是在我们这里终结的。但我们总是被灌输这样的关于进化论的描述：猴子，大猩猩，一些消失的类人猿，通过稳定的进化，最终成为了我们。但它们并不会成为我们，我们也不会成为它们。我们也不是进化的终极目标。02:28But why does it matter? Why do we need tounderstand evolution the right way? Well, misunderstanding evolution has led tomany problems, but you cant as
11、k that age-old question, Where are wefrom? without understanding evolution the right way. Misunderstanding ithas led to many convoluted and corrupted views of how we should treat otherlife on earth, and how we should treat each other in terms of race and gender. 但为什么这一点这么重要呢？ 为什么我们需要 用正确的方式来理解进化呢？ 对
12、进化的误解已经产生了很多问题， 但当你没有以正确的方式理解进化时，你不会问这样古老的问题，“我们从哪里来？”对进化的误解，已经导致了许多关于我们如何对待地球上其他生物，以及如何站在种族和性别的角度对待彼此的方式上的破坏性的，扭曲的观念。03:00So lets go back four billion years. Thisis the single-celled organism we all came from. At first, it gave rise to othersingle-celled life, but these are still evolving to this d
13、ay, and some wouldsay the Archaea and Bacteria that make up most of this group is the mostsuccessful on the planet. They are certainly going to be here well after us. 让我们回到四十亿年前。这些单细胞有机体是我们的起源。首先，它们演变成其它的单细胞生命，但这些单细胞生物今天仍在进化，而有些人会说古细菌和细菌组成了这颗星球上 最成功的种群。它们在我们消失后一定还会存在的。03:22About three billion years
14、ago,multicellularity evolved. This includes your fungi and your plants and youranimals. The first animals to develop a backbone were fishes. So technically,all vertebrates are fishes, so technically, you and I are fish. So dont say Ididnt warn you. 大约在三十亿年前，出现了多细胞生物。这包括真菌，植物和动物。第一种进化出脊椎的动物是鱼类。科学地说，所
15、有的脊椎动物都是鱼。所以，科学地说，你和我都是鱼。所以别说我没有提醒过你们。03:44One fish lineage came onto land and gaverise to, among other things, the mammals and reptiles. Some reptiles becomebirds, some mammals become primates, some primates become monkeys with tails,and others become the great apes, including a variety of human sp
16、ecies. So yousee, we didnt evolve from monkeys, but we do share a common ancestor withthem. 一些鱼类来到岸上，然后演变成 其他的生物，哺乳动物，爬行动物。一些爬行动物变成了鸟类，一些哺乳动物变成了灵长动物，一些灵长动物变成了有尾巴的猴子，另一些变成了猿类，包括不同的人种。所以我们并不是猴子演变而来的，但我们和它们拥有同一个祖先。04:07All the while, life around us keptevolving: more bacteria, more fungi, lots of fish, fish, fish. If you couldnttell - yes, theyre my favorite group. 与此同时，我们周围
