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1、Lecture TenBritish HistoryI Before the Middle-ages The Four Conquestsv The main nations: E, S, W, I; v The early inhabitants: the Britons, were a tribe of Celts, a primitive people no written language, but with words and sounds; civilizationstone hedge The Celtic language was partly preserved and as
2、similated into the English language. 1. The Roman Conquestv In 55B.C, Julius Cesar drove the native Celts to mountainous Scotland and Wales Towns, temples, theatres, fine buildings; roads and castles were built In 410 A.D., Romans retreated, ended their occupation in Britain.2. The Anglo-Saxon Conqu
3、estv In the 5th century, Angles, Saxons and Jutes from Northern Europe invaded Britain. Three kingdoms were set up: Wessex, Essex, Sussex By the 7th century, the three kingdoms were united as England, their language Anglo-Saxon is the old EnglishAnglo-Saxon Influencev Transition from tribal society
4、into feudal societyv Influence of Northern mythology on the English languagev Monasteries and written books3. The Viking and Danish InvasionsAfter the death of Alfred, his successors recaptured the Danelaw. Danes resumed their attacks. King Ethelred wanted to pay to Danes for their leave, but in vai
5、n.4. The Norman Conquestv 8the to 9th Century, Danes began to settle, King Alfred the Great (849-901） v 1066, French-speaking Normans conquered England under William, the Conqueror. v Feudalism was established in England, main classes: landlords and peasants v Ruling class: nobleman, knights, bishop
6、s, archbishops; v French civilization and Middle EnglishII The Middle Ages The Crusades The power of the Church “Eternal damnation” and “excommunicating” The Magna Carta King John The One Hundred Years War with France Joan of ArcIII The 16th Centuryv The Wars of the Rosesv The Changing Europev Henry
7、 VIII The Protestant Churchv Bloody Maryv The Reign of Queen Elizabeth I Literature Adventure on the sea (Sir Francis Drake) The Gunpowder Plot (Guy Fawkes)IV The 17th Centuryv The Civil War King Charles I & “Divine Right” “Roundheads” & “Cavaliers”v The Restoration King Charles II King James IIv Th
8、e Glorious RevolutionV The 18th CenturyVictory over France The Battle of Waterloo The Battle of Trafalgarv The Industrial Revolution Invention of the steam engine Factories and coal-mines multiplied with big towns spring up Conflicts between labor and capitalv Loss of American colonies The “Pilgrim
9、Fathers” and the ship Mayflower Declaration of IndependenceVI The 19th Centuryv Reformation in Britain To overcome social problems To make Parliament more representative To improve local government and social servicesv Progress in communications Railway network and steamship, telegraphy and electric
10、 telephone, electric lighting, electric trams, the Penny Post Victorian Age the monarch from 1837 to 1901VII The 20th CenturyA century of disturbance, riot, decline, and disgraceful failure Waking of the working classes The “suffragette” movement Trouble in Ireland The First World War The once solid
11、 British Empire collapsed The multi-lateral British Commonwealth of Nations The economic depression in the 1930s The Second World War The Battle of Britain Independence of most of the colonies “second fiddle” The United Nations and the “three worlds” The “Cold War” between Russia and the West New di
12、scoveries and new techniques Motor-car, the wireless, the airplane, nuclear war, space rockets, men on the moon, entertainment like gramophone, cinema, radio and television, etc. The “Welfare State” and the new “permissive society”Cultural Notesv The Black Death : The modern name given to the deadly
13、 bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. The disease spread through Europe in the 14th century, particularly in 13471350. It swept through England in the summer of 1348. It killed one half and one third of the population of England.v Whigs: a derogatory name for cattle drivers and r
14、efers to those in Glorious Revolution who opposed absolute monarchy and supported right to religious freedom for nonconformists.v Tories: an Irish word meaning thugs and refers to those who supported hereditary monarchyAssignmentv How did the Labor Party come into being?v How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed?v How do you think about land enclosures in England?v What was the colonial expansion like in the 19th century England?
