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1、写好段落的三个标准（二）3连贯性(coherence)连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是运用转换词语。当然这两者经常是不行分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系；反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。1）意连段落中句子的排列应遵循肯定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。假如在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一挥而就的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。A按时间先后排列(chronologicalarrangement)Wehadanumberofclosecallsthatday.Whenwerose,itwasobviou
2、slylateandwehadtohurrysoasnottomissbreakfast;weknewthediningroomstaffwasstrictaboutclosingatnineoclock.Then,whenwehadbeendrivinginthedesertfornearlytwohours-itmusthavebeenclosetonoon-theheatnearlyhidusin;theradiatorboiledoverandwehadtousemostofourdrinkingwatertocoolitdown.Bythetimewereachedthemounta
3、in,itwasfouroclockandwewereexhausted.Here,judgementranoutofusandwestartedthetoughclimbtothesummit,notrealizingthatdarknesscamesuddenlyinthedesert.Sureenough,bysixwewerestrugglingandAndrewverynearlywentdownasteepcliff,draggingMohammedandmealongwithhim.Bynine,whenthewindhowledacrosstheflatledgeofthesu
4、mmit,weknewasweshiveredtogetherforwarmththatithadnotbeenourluckyday.本段从rose（起床）写起，然后是吃早餐(nottomissbreakfast,closingatnineoclock)，然后是closetonoon，始终写到这一天结束(Bynine-)。B.按位置远近排列(spatialarrangement)。例如：Fromadistance,itlookedlikeaskinnytube,butaswegotcloser,wecouldseeitfleshoutbeforeoureyes.Itwastubular,al
5、lright,butfatterthanwecouldseefromfaraway.Furthermore,wewerealsoastonishedtonoticethatthebuildingwasreallyintwoparts:apagodasittingontopofatubularone-storystructure.Standingtenfeetaway,wecouldmarvelathowmuchofthepagodawasmadeupofglasswindows.AlmosteverythingunderthewonderfulChineseroofwasmadeofglass
6、,unlikethetubethatitwassittingon,whichonlyhadfour.Inside,thetubewasgloomy,becauseofthelackoflight.Thenasteep,narrowstaircasetookusupinsidethepagodaandthelightchangeddramatically.Allthosewindowsletinafloodofsunshineandwecouldseeoutformilesacrosstheflatland.本段的写法是由远及近，从远处(fromadistance)写起，然后getcloser，
7、再到(tenfeetaway)，最终是insidethepagoda当然，按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。依据须要，也可以由近及远，由表及里等等。C.按逻辑关系排列(logicalarrangement)a.按重要性依次排列(arrangementinorderofimportance)Ifyouworkasasodajerker,youwill,ofcourse,notneedmuchskillinexpressingyourselftobeeffective.Ifyouworkonamachine,yourabilitytoexpressyourselfwillbeoflittleimp
8、ortance.Butassoonasyoumoveonestepupfromthebottom,youreffectivenessdependsonyourabilitytoreachothersthroughthespokenorthewrittenword.Andthefurtherawayyourjobisfrommanualwork,thelargertheorganizationofwhichyouareanemployee,themoreimportantitwillbethatyouknowhowtoconveyyourthoughtsinwritingorspeaking.I
9、ntheverylargebusinessorganization,whetheritisthegovernment,thelargecorporation,ortheArmy,thisabilitytoexpressoneselfisperhapsthemostimportantofalltheskillsamancanpossess.这一段谈的是表达实力，它的重要性与职业，身份有关，从notneedmuchskill或oflittleimportance到moreimportant，最终是mostimportant。b.由一般到特别排列（general-to-specificarrange
10、ment）Ifareaderislost,itisgenerallybecausethewriterhasnotbeencarefulenoughtokeephimonthepath.Thiscarelessnesscantakeanynumberofforms.Perhapsasentenceissoexcessivelyclutteredthatthereader,hackinghiswaythroughtheverbiage,simplydoesntknowwhatitmeans.Perhapsasentencehasbeensoshoddilyconstructedthattherea
11、dercouldreaditinanyofseveralways.Perhapsthewriterhasswitchedtenses,orhasswitchedpronounsinmid-sentence,sothereaderlosestrackofwhentheactiontookplaceorwhoistalking.PerhapssentenceBisnotlogicalsequeltosentenceA-thewriter,inwhoseheadtheconnectionisclear,hasnotbotheredtoprovidethemissinglink.Perhapsthew
12、riterhasusedanimportantwordincorrectlybynottakingthetroubletolookitup.Hemaythinkthatsanguineandsanguinarymeanthesamething,butthedifferenceisabloodybigone.Thereadercanonlyinferwhatthewriteristryingtoimply.这一段谈的是awriterscarelessness，先给出一个generalstatement作为主题句，然后通过5个perhaps加以例证。c.由特别到一般排列(specific-to-g
13、eneralarrangement)IdonotunderstandwhypeopleconfusemySiamesecat,Prissy,withtheoneIhadseveralyearsago,Henry.Thetwocatsareonlyalikeinbreed.Prissy,aquiet,femininefeline,lovesmedearlybutnotpossessively.Shelikestokeepherdistancefrompeople,exertherindependenceandisneversorudeastobeg,lick,orsniffunceremoniously.Herusualpostureissittingupright,eyesclosed,perfectlystill.Prissyisaverypropercat.Henry,ontheotherhand,lovedmedearlybutpossessively.Hewasmyshadowfrommorningtillnight.Heexpectedmetoconstantlyentertainhim.H
