土壤养分与澳洲坚果果实内含物间的相关性分析 郑树芳,许鹏,谭秋锦,陈海生,王文林,莫庆道,贺鹏,李海碧摘 要:為了探究澳洲坚果桂热1号种植基地土壤养分与果实内含物之间的相关性,为种植基地科学施肥、提高肥料利用效率提供参考依据采集广西崇左龙州县、南宁横县、梧州岑溪市3个澳洲坚果种植基地土壤与果实样品,测定土壤养分(全磷、全钙、锌、铁和硒)与果实内含物(钾、钙、镁、铁、锌、磷、硒、可溶性糖、蛋白质、脂肪和氨基酸总量)指标,采用相关性分析方法,筛选影响果实品质的主要土壤养分因子结果发现,龙州基地全磷含量属于高水平(0.86 g/kg),其余基地属于低水平(0.23~0.30 g/kg);3个基地土壤锌含量都达到很高水平(32.2~177 mg/kg);龙州基地铁含量属于中水平(7.67%),其余基地属于低水平(2.92%~3.16%)龙州和横县基地均属于富硒土壤(0.84~0.86 mg/kg)不同基地果实钾含量为370~475 mg/100g,钙含量为42.1~57.5 mg/100g,镁含量为93.3~106.3 mg/100g,铁含量为14.0~18.7 mg/kg,锌含量为10.9~12.4 mg/kg,磷含量为151~206 mg/100g,硒含量为0.09~0.23 mg/kg,可溶性糖含量为2.78~3.08 g/100g,蛋白质含量为8.69~9.33 g/100g,脂肪含量为69.6~83.1 g/100g,氨基酸总量为7.98~8.44 g/100g。
其中,龙州基地钙、铁、硒、蛋白质、脂肪和氨基酸总量最高,其余的果实品质指标都是横县基地最高,岑溪基地的果实品质指标都是最低或者居中果实中蛋白质含量与土壤养分中全磷含量呈极显著正相关(r = 1.000),与土壤中全钙、锌和铁含量也达到显著正相关(r = 0.998 - 0.999);果实中可溶性糖含量与土壤中硒含量呈极显著负相关(r = -1.000);果实中氨基酸总量与土壤中硒含量相关系数(0.990)较高;果实中脂肪与土壤中全磷、全钙、锌和铁含量相关系数(0.911-0.933不等)也较高土壤养分与果实矿质元素含量没有显著的相关性,澳洲坚果果实中的可溶性糖和氨基酸总量主要受土壤硒含量的影响,蛋白质和脂肪主要受土壤全磷、全钙、锌、铁的影响关键词:澳洲坚果;土壤养分;果实品质;相关性分析:S667 文献标志码:ACorrelation between Soil Nutrients and FruitContents of MacadamiaZHENG Shufang,XU Peng,TAN Qiujin,CHEN Haisheng,WANG Wenlin,MO Qingdao,HE Peng,LI Haibi(Guangxi South Subtropical Agricultural Science Research Institute,Chongzuo, Guangxi 532415, China)Abstract: We explored the relationship between soil nutrients and fruit contents of macadamia Guire 1 to provide reference for scientific fertilization and improving fertilizer utilization efficiency in macadamia planting base. The samples of soil and fruit were collected from the macadamia planting base in Longzhou, Hnegxian and Cenxi. Soil nutrients (P, Ca, Zn, Fe and Se) and fruit contents (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, P, Se, soluble sugar, protein, fat and amino acid) were measured, and the key factors affecting fruit quality were screened by correlation analysis. Results showed that the soil total P content in Longzhou base was high(0.86 g/kg), while that in other bases was low(0.23~0.30 g/kg). The soil zinc contents in the three bases were very high(32.2~177 mg/kg). The soil Fe content in Longzhou base was at the medium level (7.67%), while that in the other bases was at the low level(2.92%~3.16%). Soils in Longzhou and Hengxian bases were rich in Se(0.84~0.86 mg/kg). In the fruits from different bases, the content of K was 370 ~ 475 mg/100g, Ca was 42.1 ~ 57.5 mg/100g, Mg was 93.3 ~ 106.3 mg/100g, Fe was 14.0 ~ 18.7 mg/kg, Zn was 10.9 ~ 12.4 mg/kg, P was 151 ~ 206 mg/kg, Se was 0.09 ~ 0.23 mg/kg, soluble sugar was 2.78 ~ 3.08 g/100g, protein was 8.69 ~ 9.33 g/100g, fat was 69.6 ~ 83.1 g/100g, and total amino acid was 7.98 ~ 8.44 g/100g. Among them, the total amounts of Ca, Fe, Se, protein, fat and amino acid were the highest in fruits from Longzhou base, the contents of K, Mg, Zn, P, soluble sugar were the highest in fruits from Hengxian base, and the indexes in fruits from Cenxi base were the lowest or middle. The protein content in fruit was positively correlated with the total P content (r = 1.000), and the contents of Ca, Zn and Fe (r = 0.998-1.000) in soil. The soluble sugar content in fruit was negatively correlated with the Se content in soil (r = -1.000). The correlation coefficient between total amino acid content in fruit and Se content in soil was higher (0.990). The correlation coefficient between the fat in fruit and the contents of total P, Ca, Zn and Fe in soil was also higher (0.91-0.933). There was no significant correlation between soil nutrients and mineral element content in fruit. The contents of soluble sugar and amino acid in fruit were mainly affected by Se in soil, and protein and fat were mainly affected by K, Ca, Zn and Fe in soil.Key words: Macadamia; soil nutrient; fruit quality; correlation analysis澳洲坚果(Macadamia spp.)系山龙眼科(Proteaceae)澳洲坚果属(Lacadamia F. Muell.)多年生常绿果树,原产于澳大利亚昆士兰东南部和新南威尔士东北部沿岸的亚热带雨林地区[1-2]。
澳洲堅果具有很高的营养价值,果仁香味独特、质地细腻,味美可口[3],经济价值高,在国际市场上极受青睐,被誉为“坚果之王” [4]我国首次引种澳洲坚果于1910年,商业性种植在20世纪80年代才开始[5],澳洲坚果的主产地在云南[6]和广西[7]两省,此外,广东、海南、福建、四川[8]、贵州等省区均有少量种植目前,广西区内澳洲坚果种植总面积约为2.5万hm2,以‘桂热1号为主栽品种占60%~70%,该品种由广西南亚热带农业科学研究所选育,具有早结丰产、适应性强等特点[9],2018年获广西林木良种认定土壤养分直接影响到果树的生长、果实品质及产量等,研究发现其存在显著相关性[10-11]为了探明土壤养分与果实品质的相关影响,前人在柑橘[12]、猕猴桃[13]等果树上开展了较多的研究徐慧等[14]指出苹果品质受土壤矿质元素的协同调控张强等[15]指出土壤养分可影响富士苹果的果实品质易晓曈[16]分析土壤pH、有机质和碱解氮、速效磷等10种元素对沃柑果实品质的影响国内澳洲坚果研究主要有丰产栽培[17]、施肥研究[18],育种性状[19]等方面,对土壤养分与果实品质的相关性研究报道甚少谭秋锦等[9]研究分析了土壤pH值、有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾与澳洲坚果果实中蛋白质、脂肪、油酸、棕榈油酸、二十碳烯酸的影响。
本文在前期研究的基础上通过对3个澳洲坚果种植基地土壤养分(全磷、全钙、锌、铁和硒)与果实内含物(钾、钙、镁、铁、锌、磷、硒、可溶性糖、蛋白质、脂肪和氨基酸总量)进行取样分析,运用相关关系分析方法,找出影响果实品质的主要土壤养分因子,以期为指导澳洲坚果种植基地生产高品质果实、科学施肥及栽培管理提供理论依据因此,研究土壤养分与果实品质间的相关关系,找出影响果实品质的主要土壤养分因子,对澳洲坚果种植基地科学施肥、生产优质高产的果实具有重要意义1 材料和方法1.1 材料以3个澳洲坚果种植基地土壤和成熟期澳洲坚果桂热1号果实为试材基地种植密度为5 m6 m,每个点选取长宽2030 m ,面积600 m2,20株树,果实采集中间6株树果实为测试样品1.2 基地概况澳洲坚果种植基地基本情况见表1基地位于广西壮族自治区三个不同的市区,都属于低海拔地区,经纬度相差不大1.3 试验方法及样品采集土壤样品:2017年9月10日收果后,于3个澳洲坚果种植基地分别取样,取样时把枯枝落叶层去掉,每个基地采用5点取样法采集20~30 cm土层土壤,将每5个点的土样(1 kg)组成混合土样(5 kg),将土样装入塑封袋带回实验。