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1、学习必备欢迎下载分词,动名词,不定式三者的用法有什么区别?英语中,非限定动词也叫非谓语动词,也就是不定式、分词和动名词。顾名思义,不定式、分词和动名词在英语句子中是不能做作谓语的。非谓语动词虽然不能在句子中作谓语,但由于它们本身具有动词的一些特征, 它们在句子中的运用是非常活跃的。他们之间的用法既有共同点,又有一定的区别,是历年高考必考的语法项目,例如NMET20XX 年单项填空题(全国卷)中就有这样一题:32,The storm left, _ a lot of damage to this area. A. caused B. to have caused C. to caused D.
2、having caused 根据题意,本题应选D-分词作状语,表示结果。如何正确地运用好非谓语动词,是许多学生普遍感到棘手的问题,本文将就不定式、 分词和动名词的词性特征和句法功能等方面进行比较,帮助学生正确地运用好非谓语动词。一、 基本形式a.不定式的基本形式是 “ 小品词 to动词原形 ” 即 tov. ;但有时也可省去 to, 即:(to) v. 。b.分词有两种基本形式:现在分词(the present participle) 和过去分词(the past participle) 。现在分词的基本形式是动词的ing 形式,如, writing, doing ,working ,goin
3、g, etc. 精品p d f 资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - - 学习必备欢迎下载过去分词的基本形式是:a) 规则动词 ed, 即 v.-ed, 如,visitvisited ,askasked ,digdigged ,etc; b) 不规则动词有其自身的过去式和过去分词,学生需要用心熟记,方能正确使用。如,gowent gone; do did done, etc . c 动名词的基本形式与现在分词的基本形式相同,都是动词的ing 形式,如, doing ,writing ,
4、doing ,etc . 二、 时态、语态及其基本用法A. 不定式1不定式的时态、 语态有三种形式: 一般式,如,to write / to be written ; 进行式,如, to be writing / to have been writing;完成式,如, to have written / to have been written 。2基本用法不定式的一般式,表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时也发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如:He seems to know this.(=It seems that he knows this.) I hope to see you
5、again.(=I hope that Ill see you again.) He doesnt like to be laughed at. (=He doesnt like that he is being laughed at.) 不定式的进行式, 表示不定式的动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如:When the mother went into the room, the boy pretended to be sleeping. (= , the boy pretended that he was sleeping .) 精品p d f 资料 - - - 欢迎下载 -
6、- - - - - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - - 学习必备欢迎下载I heard the English song being sung by him. (=I heard that the English song was being sung by him.) 不定式的完成式, 表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如:I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. (= I am sorry that I kept you waiting so long. ) Having
7、been well written, the book was translated into many languages. (=Because it had been well written, ) B. 分词1.只有现在分词才有时态和语态形式的变化。现在分词的时态、语态有两种形式:一般式,如,doing / being done; 完成式,如, having done / having been done 。2.基本用法现在分词的一般式, 表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。如:The boys and girls went to school, si
8、nging and dancing all along the way . They all jumped with joy ,hearing the good news. The girl could not help crying ,being criticized in the public. 现在分词的完成式, 表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前已发生,常用作时间状语或原因状语。如:精品p d f 资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - - 学习必备欢迎下载Having done
9、 the work very well ,he was praised by the teacher. Having been shot by a bullet, the man fell down dead. C 动名词1.动名词的时态、语态有两种形式: 一般式,如,writing / being written ; 完成式,如, having written / having been written 。2.基本用法动名词的一般式不表示动作正在进行,但作具有状语性质的宾语时,动名词一般式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。如:The teac her is busy collecting
10、the students exam papers. 动名词的完成式在作具有状语性质的宾语时,表示的动作在谓语动词的动作之前已发生。如:He was praised by the teacher for having done the work wonderfully. He felt so sorry for not having been given the chance to work in the company. 三、不定式、分词、动名词的词性特征和句法功能1不定式既有动词的一些特征,又具有名词、形容词、和副词的句法功能,因此,不定式在句中作:主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、
11、独立成分。精品p d f 资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - - 学习必备欢迎下载2分词即具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能,因此,不定式在句中作:表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、独立成分。3动名词,顾名思义,既有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能,因此,动名词在句中作:主语、表语、宾语、定语、 同位语。四、不定式、分词、动名词句法功能用法的比较1. 从上面不定式、分词、动名词的词性特征和句法功能中,我们不难看出它们在句子中的作用既有较多的共性,又有稍微的差异:a.相同
12、的句法功能:不定式、分词都能作:表语、定语、宾语补足语、 状语、独立成分; 不定式、动名词都能作: 主语、表语、宾语 ;不定式、分词、动名词都能作:表语、定语。b.不同的句法功能:不定式可作:同位语。如:That was her desire, to go to America for further study after finishing middle school. 2.正确运用好不定式、分词、动名词不定式、分词、动名词作表语时的比较。请看例句:My job is to teach the students English. My job is teaching the student
13、s English. My job is interesting. I am interested in English. 辨析: A. 不定式与动名词作表语一般可以互换使用,在意义上没有多大差别,且其形式差异较大,很容易把握, 如上面例句的精品p d f 资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - - 学习必备欢迎下载;现在分词和动名词同形,在作表语时,学生不易识别。分辨方法有三: a)分词作表语说明主语的性质特征,回答how 的问题;不定式和动名词作表语则说明主语的内容,回答what 或
14、 doing what 问题, 如: My job is interesting.(=How is my job?) ; My job is teaching ( to teach ) the students English. (=What is my job?); b)动名词具有名词的句法功能, 也能做主语, 我们不妨把句中的表语转换成主语,如果句子成立,则是动名词作表语, 否则是现在分词作表语。如:My job is teaching the students EnglishTeaching the students English is my job. 显然句子是成立的,原句中的tea
15、ching 是动名词;c)分词具有形容词的句法功能,那么,我们可以在作表语的分词前加 very(extremely ,fairly ) 等副词,如果句子成立,则动词ing 形式作表语的是现在分词。 如上面例句: My job is interesting. 可改为:My job is very interesting. 显然句子是成立的, 句中的 interesting 是现在分词。B确定用现在分词还是用过去分词作表语的方法有:现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的某种特征;过去分词作表语多表示主语所处的状态。情感动词的v.-ing 形式表示具有某种特征;情感动词的v.-ed 形式多表示引起某种情感
16、。一般地说,事物具有某种特征,而人才具有某种情感,因此,分词作表语的句式可归纳为:a) Sb.be v-ed ; b ) Sth. bev-ing. 如:a. I am very excited ; b. The news is very exciting. 精品p d f 资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - - 学习必备欢迎下载但有一个词例外,那就是missing 。例如“ 那个男孩不见了 ” ,我们不能说 “The boy is missed .”,而是 “The boy is missing.” 不定式、分词、动名词作定语时的比较A作前置定语现在分词、过去分词、动名词可以作前置定语,而不定式不能作前置定语。如: a developing country , a developed country ; boiling water,boiled water ; building materials , a swimming pool ; the sleeping boy ,