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1、 第四章 Word-formation 21 Acronymy: Initialisms and Acronyms （首字母及首字母缩略词） Initialisms Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; an intialism is pronounced letter by letter. BBC VOA UN UFO WTO2 Acronyms Acronyms are the wor
2、ds formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than sequences of letters. NATO=the North Atlantic Treaty Organization is pronounced /neitu/ TOEFL (Test of Eng. as a Foreign Lang
3、uage)3 Clipping(缩略) The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form. Back-clippings: ad(vertisement), exam(ination), Fore-clippings: (ham)burger, (omni)bus Fore-and-aft clippings: (in)flu(enza), (de)tec(tiv
4、e) Phrase clippings: pop (=popular music or record)4CPUDIYCEOITAISOSIDDGMTVIPP.S.a.m. p.m.central processing unitDo it yourselfChief Executive OfficerInformation technologyartificial intelligenceSave our shipinternational direct dialGreenwich Mean Timevery important personpostscriptante meridiempost
5、 meridiemWrite out in full the following initialisms5MBAVIPfamilyChinaMaster of Business Administration married but availableVery Important Person Very Interesting PigFather and mother I love youCome here, I need affectionNew interpretations for initialismsBMWICBCABCJapan6 Blending （紧缩词；二合一词；拼缀词） A
6、blending is a combination of parts of two words to form a third word which contains some of the meaning of each part. Blending is a process of both compounding and abbreviation.smog(smoke+ fog)motel(motor+ hotel)Chinglishbrunchhi-techmedicaresyntagmatic; etc. 7 The frequent use of blends by newspape
7、rs and magazines, the coinage of blends for the names of new inventions, and the close relationship of some blends to daily life have contributed to the popularization of this type of word-formation, but only a few have established themselves in the language. Most are short-lived novelties.8 Back-fo
8、rmation （逆向构词法） a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.typewriter typewrite editor edit enthuse enthusiasm televise television9 Words from Proper Names (neologism) New w
9、ords can be created to denote new objects or ideas. This way of formation is also called “new coinage”, i.e., invention or coinage, neologism （新造词） They come from all sources, from names of scientists, politicians and statesmen to trade marks, and place names. kodak 柯达, zerox 静电复印机 hamburger,香港脚10 R
10、eduplication a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition (1) of one word like go-go; (2) of two almost identical words with a change in the vowels such as pingpong; (3) of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, as in willy-nilly.s
11、o-so 一点点 zigzag bye-bye 冷冰冰 dilly-dally 天天 人人 蹦蹦跳 hotch potch 来来 往往 点点 滴滴11 Neoclassical Formation Neoclassical formation denotes the process by which words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek (as in telephone)12 Miscellaneous Genuine coinage is rareSome new words are coined by ana
12、logy（类推或仿词）and contrast（对比）, e.g. birds eye-view, fishs eye-view, worms eye-view; sunrise, moonrise; spaceman, moon-man, etc.13 类推（ analogy ）是英语构词法之一，其特点是仿造现有的词类创造出对应词或近似词。汉语中叫仿词。 More examples of analogy: health-crisis, white list （准予上演的短剧名单）, gray-list (非明文查禁但仍属不法的人和物），without-it (过时的）gray-collar
13、workers (灰领工人，服务行业职工) , visual pollution, spiritual pollution, culture pollution. 汉语中： 牡丹是“国花”，这就可算是“国骂”了（鲁迅） 反正他挣钱不多，花匠也罢，草匠也罢。（老舍） 午一时，人客到齐，新楼旧铺，济济两堂14 Examples of contrast: baby bust, baby boom; nightmare, day-mare; hot-war, cold war; hot line, cold line; brain drain (人才外流), brain gain (人才流入); flash back, flash forward. 汉语中：后来这终于从深闺传到浅闺里去了。（鲁迅） 好逸恶劳”是一种低下的感情，我们应该把它 翻转过来，“好劳恶逸”。 （陶铸） 有人说这是阴谋，我们说这是阳谋。（毛泽东） .无论你所做的事是文化还是武化. （鲁迅） 有人天天喊大众化，却仍然是小众化。 15SUMMARYWord-formation: rules, types ?16
