一、概述:尽管在研究生英语考试中并非直接涉及语法,但阅读明白得,写作和翻译等试题无不表现出 它的重要性但是,语法又是广大英语爱好者最难把握的问题之一,市场上种类繁多的语法书 籍,大凡都是内容多而不精, 即次重点不分,关于在学习进程中,大伙儿一起反映的较有 难度的语法,如非谓语动词、虚拟语气、定语从句都未能作出精辟分析, 使读者看后仍不知 所云本着那个目的,咱们再次相聚西安人信,希望通过两天的深切学习使广大考生对语法 有个完全的了解, 在尔后考试中碰到相应问题能游刃有余二、重点语法再现:非谓语动词是动词的一种形式,就其概念而言,它在句中不能单独作谓语,非谓语动词包括 动名词、分词和不定式,非谓语动词是语法学习中的重点也是难点,在历年的四、六级及其 它考试中占有必然的分值,本单元将一一重点说明I.分词(Participles)分词是一种非谓语动词,在句中不能单独作谓语,它包括此刻分词(present participle) 和过去分词( past participle)两种形式,这两种形式在句中的大体功能相同,要紧起形容词 和副词的作用,在句中做定语、状语、表语和补语,请看例句:All flights__ because of the storm, we decided to take the train.A.were canceled B. had been canceledC.having canceled D. having been canceled分析:此题多次在考研、四、六级考试中显现,是一个十分有难度的题,它所涉及到的 语法也是方方面面,第一排除 B 选项,因为过去完成时出此刻主从复合句中,那个句中无 连接词, 从句意判定,“飞机取消应该是咱们决定乘坐火车的一个缘故”,因此句中 all flights… the storm 在整个句中作一成份,即作状语表缘故,既然是一成份就不是一句子, 因此不能显现谓语动词,随之排除 A 选项,飞机取消应该是被取消,因此排除 C 选项(表 主动),答案为 D 选项( 表被动),选项中 C、D 别离为此刻分词完成式的主动和被动式, 动名词和此刻分词形式相同,因此 C、D 也可称为动名词完成式的主动和被动动式,但由 于动名词和此刻分词最大区别在于动名词在句中不能作状语,因此排除动名词的可能性,由此 引申出分词的时态。
1)分词的时态和语态(Tense and Voice)(以动词 do 为例)主动 被动一样式 doing being done此刻分词过去分词完成式 having done having been donedone从上表中可看出,此刻分词的一样式和完成式各有主动式和被动式,而过去分词只有一种形 式,此刻分词和过去分词在用法上的区别为前者表示正在进行的主动动作,后者表示已经完 成的被动动作,而此刻分词一样式和完成式的被动式那么表示分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主 语与句子主语之间的关系(这一点将在分词的用法中讲到),此刻分词一样式表示动作与谓语 动词动作几乎同时发生,而此刻分词完成式那么表示动作在谓语动词之前已经发生,如上述 例句中“飞机取消在咱们决定乘坐火车之前”,即 having been canceled 的动作在 decided 之 前,另外分词在作状语前提下,此刻分词完成式的被动式即 having been done 等同于过去分词 done,因此上述例句中也能够增加一选项 canceled 也为正确选项(等同于 D 选项 havingcanceled)(2)分词的用法 (Usage)①定语:分词经常使用来修饰名词或代词,单个分词作定语放在所修饰词之前,分词短语作定语放在 所修饰词以后,但有些过去分词也可放在所修饰词以后:a developing country(进展中国家)a developed country(发达国家)a boy standing by the door(站在门旁的男孩)a man moved by the film(一个被电影感动的人)注意:分词短语作定语置于句中时相当于必然语从句,如:Do you know that boy standing by the door? (相当于 who is standing by the door)A man moved by the film (相当于 who was moved by the film) is my father.②表语:分词或分词短语放在系动词 be, become, get, remain, seem, stay 后作表语,此刻分词作表语表 示主语的性质或正在进行的动作,过去分词作表语那么表示主语所处的状态:The news is very exciting.(性质)He is reading English loudly.(正在进行的动作)The girl in red was deeply moved by what she had seen .(状态)③补足语:a 宾语补足语此刻分词常放在感官动词: see, look at, hear, listen to, feel, smell, notice, observe, watch, find 和使役动词:get, have, keep, set, send, leave 后作宾语补足语。
过去分词常放在 see, hear, watch, get, keep, leave, have, like, want, wish, order 等词后作宾语补足语I saw him coming into the class.The screws are somewhere loose. I’ll have them tightened..b.主语补足语:把主动语态转换成被动语态,原先主动语态中的宾语补足语也相应地转变成主语补足语: He was seen coming into the classYou were not noticed waiting.④状语分词作状语是分词一重要用法,表示时刻、缘故、方式 、条件、妥协、结果和伴随情形, 分词作状语时,其逻辑主语(表示分词动作发出者是隐含的) 与句子主语维持一致,不然 就会产生悬垂和荡空结构,另外分词作状语相当于一相应状语从句:如:Looking up at the sky, a bird was flying. 应改成:Looking up at the sky, I saw a bird flying.(When I was looking up at the sky…)(表时刻)另外,为了表示明确时刻或条件,有时可在分词前加 when, while, if 等连词:When compared with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all. (3)分词否定式分词或分词短语表示否定意义时,将 not 置于分词之前,不能放在分词以后:Not having received her letter, he decided to write another.(4)独立主格结构 (Absolute Structure)分词作状语,分词的逻辑主语要与句子主语维持一致,即句子的主语即是它的逻辑主语,否 那么就会显现悬垂或荡空结构(前面已讲过),但有时分词有它独立的的逻辑主语,即分词 的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致,这确实是独立主格结构。
①独立主格结构公式:逻辑主语 + 分词(短语)+ 主 谓A B在上述公式中,其中(逻辑主语 + 分词短语)属于独立主格结构,主谓是一完整句子, A、B 两主语不一致(A、B 由名词或代词充当),如前面所述例句:All flights having been canceled because of the storm, we decided to take the train. (All flights… the storm 是独立主格结构部份,we decided …为一完整句子,all flights 和 we 不属于同 一主语,另外公式中分词短语也可用不定式、形容词等来代替)②独立主格结构具体组成:a.逻辑主语 + 分词(此刻分词和过去分词)A new technique having been worked out, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent. All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off.b.逻辑主语 + 介词短语Mr. Wang came in, (with) a book in hand.c. with/without + 逻辑主语 + 分词With her hair dyed green, she looks like a clown.(小丑)Without anything left in the cupboard, she went out to get something to eat.d.逻辑主语 + 不定式The football game ended with Portugal team won, the details to be reported this evening.e.逻辑主语 + 形容词/副词The teacher stared at the student, his eyes full of doubt.He went out, no hat on.③独立主格结构用法:a.表时刻:The shower being over, we went on our way. (When the shower was over, we…)b.表缘故:All flights having been canceled because of the storm, we decided to take the train. (Because all flights had been canceled because of the storm, we…)c.表条件:Weather permitting, I’ll come to see you. (If weather permits, I’ll…)d.表伴随:A large fish was slowly swimming through the water, its tail swinging back and forth like the pendulum of a clock. (钟摆)( A large fish …,and its tail was swinging …)e.同位语(表示对前面名词作进一步说明)I have two sisters, one being a teacher, the other (being) a nurse. (I have …, one is a teacher, and the other is a nurse.)由此可见,独立主格结构和状语从句可相互转换,方式是第一在独立结构前加上相应的连 词,第二把独立结构中的分词转变成谓语动词,反之亦然。
④独立主格结构特点:a.不是句子(因为它由逻辑主语+分词短语组。