语法总结－修饰语篇（上）语法总结－修饰语篇（上）修饰语部分:总体要求：符合语法规则，意思合乎逻辑，修饰对象明确，清楚简洁不罗嗦所谓修饰对象要明确，即一个句子中的某一修饰成分作状语或定语的作用清楚明白，修饰对象也清楚明白这个问题涉及到修饰成分在句子中的位置问题，总的原则是修饰语应尽量靠近被修饰的成分，并在逻辑含义上正确主要结构：定语从句，分词，形容词（短语），介词（短语），副词第一部分：各种修饰成分分词分为现在分词和过去分词现在分词和过去分词可以在句中充当定语或状语一．现在分词1）现在分词作状语：现在分词位于句末或句首，前后有“，”将其与主句隔开，则现在分词优先做主句谓语的伴随状语，伴随动作方式，动作本身以及动作结果一般不倾向于用现在分词短语前后加“，”放在句子中间作状语的用法lstzhang：分词不是放在头部，就是放在尾部，不要放在中间如果现在分词位于一个从句中的开头部分，现在分词短语也可以作分句的状语如果现在分词前有介词或连词引导，如 after, while, by 等，则现在分词作状语▲现在分词作状语放在句末，按照接近性原则，应优先修饰靠近它的谓语，这个谓语可能不是主句的谓语同理，按照接近性原则，伴随状语修饰谓语，放在句末会比较接近谓语，而放在句首，中间隔着主语去修饰谓语，离得远，不好。
补充材料 124 Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.(A) fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.(C) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted.(D) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after exhausting its oil reserves.D 项中，after exhausting 这个现在分词短语从语法上讲就应该修饰 sustain 这个动作，从而造成逻辑主语的错误。
所以不选▲分词放在句首，暗示着这个动作发生在谓语动作之前，先有分词的动作，再有谓语的动作前后脚关系这里考的是过去分词与现在分词并列作定语修饰前面名词的法，因为已经有了过去分词在前，避免了与其并列的现在分词作状语的可能2）现在分词作定语：如果现在分词前面没有“，”现在分词优先作定语修饰前面的名词特例：补充材料 335 The growth of he railroads led to the abolition of local times, which was determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differing from city to city, and to the establishment of regional times.(C) which were determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differing(D) determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differed(E) determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differingA．现在分词作定语表示长期，反复的动作，表示该动作是名词永久属性，常用来表示法令或权力的内容。
与定语从句表示的具体，一次性动作有意义上的区别B．如果定语从句带有情态动词，或者定语从句表示的时态与现在分词不一致时，现在分词不能取代定语从句作定语二．过去分词过去分词位于句首，修饰主语位于句中或句尾，优先作定语修饰前面的名词；过去分词位于句尾，如果紧接着谓语，则过去分词也可作状语，需要根据具体情况从逻辑上判断LZMP123NO.37 Traveling the back roads of Hungary, in 1905 Bela Bartok and Zooltan Kodaly began their pioneering work in ethnomusicology, and they were armed only with an Edison phonogrph and insatiable curiosity.(C) in 1905, Bela Bartok and Zooltan Kodaly began their pioneering work in ethnomusicology, traveling the back roads of Hungary armed only(D) having traveled the back roads of Hungary ,in 1905 Bela Bartok and Zooltan Kodaly began their pioneering work in ethnomusicology; they were only armed 补充材料 17,21, 65，208，三．介词短语：介词短语应紧跟被修饰对象在 GMAT 语法中，对于介词短语的考点主要就是介词短语的位置，介词短语的位置不同，其修饰对象也不同，其作状语或定语的语法功能也不同。
1）位于句首，修饰主语或作全句状语；2）位于句尾或句中，则要看它前面的词是名词还是谓语，是名词则优先作定语，是谓语则优先作状语作状语时，介词短语的位置一定要离谓语比较近，具体情况还要根据逻辑意思分析例题：补充材料 144The Forbidden City in Beijing, from which the emperors ruled by heavenly mandate, was a site which a commoner or foreigner could not enter without any permission, on pain of death.(C) which no commoner or foreigner could enter without permission,(D) which, without permission, neither commoner or foreigner could only enter,“without+名词”这一介词短语紧跟谓语，则作状语表条件（意为“如果没有”），修饰谓语例题：（来源 Kaplan 语法小测验）2. The principal has sought approval for her plan to grant promotions to only those seven-grade students proficient in reading without meeting with opposition.(C) reading, without the opposition of others(D) reading, and has not met with opposition“without＋the opposition of others” 短语如果作状语，远离所要修饰的谓语，作状语或作定语作用不明，不好。
补充材料 124 Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.(A) fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves.(C) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted.补充材料 136 The labor agreement permits staff reductions through attrition with increased pension benefits and a special early-retirement program for speeding it up.(A) attrition with increased pension benefits and a special early-retirement program for speeding it up.(B) attrition and provides increased pension benefits and a special early-retirement program to speed the attrition process.这类题在真题中的例题很多，如果发现介词短语所修饰的对象不合理，则应该改变介词短语的位置。
补充材料：35，46，112， 3）Despite, in spite of , because of, as a result of 等介词短语在句中作状语4）独立主格结构位于句首或句尾作状语例：He entered the room, with a book in his hand. OG86 Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War, Horace Pippin, a Black American painter, worked by holding the brush in his right hand and guiding its movements with his left(介词短语作状语).(A) Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War(D) The right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War(E) His right hand and arm crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War四．形容词短语：只能作定语位于句首，按照就近修饰原则，修饰主语；位于句中或句尾，作定语修饰前面的名词。
注意：一般情况下，形容词短语前面加“，”，优先修饰之前名词词组的核心词如果形容词短语前无“，”，则应修饰其紧接的名词补充材料 389五．定语从句：作定语，修饰前面的名词非限定性定语从句，前面一定要有“，”与被修饰成分隔开特别是“介词＋连接代词”型非限制性定语从句注意定语从句的连词使用在 GMAT 中，wh。