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1、英汉翻译的方法直译、意译与归化、异化一.直译与意译：在谈到直译和意译时，人们常常用英文词语literal translation 和freetranslation。此时人们关心的是语言层面的技术处理问题，即如何在保持原语形式的同时，不让其意义失真；而意译则认为语言有不同的文化内涵和表达形式，当形式成为翻译的障碍时，就要采取意译。直译和意译之争的靶心是意义和形式的得失问题。在中国的翻译史上，赞成直译和意译的均有人在，初期佛典翻译中的文质说，唐代玄奘的“求真”与“喻俗”，近代有严复的“信达雅”及鲁迅的“宁信而不顺”与赵景深的“宁顺而不信”等，都是从直译和意译的角度来探讨翻译的原则。1 直译 (li
2、teral translation)英、汉语的结构有相同的一面，汉译时可照译，即直译。直译既忠实原文内容，又符合原文的结构形式。直译有不少优点，例如能传达原文意义，体现原文风格等。但是，直译具有一定的局限性。例如译文有时冗长罗唆，晦涩难懂，有时不能正确传达原文意义，有时甚至事与愿违。Literal translation is where the forms of the original are retained as much as possible, even if those forms are not the most natural forms to preserve the or
3、iginal meaning. Literal translation is sometimes called word-for-word translation (as opposed to thought-for-thought translation). A more accurate, but less well-known, label for this approach is formal equivalence translation. Because literal translation focuses on forms of language, it sometimes m
4、isses some of the meaning of those forms, since meaning is found not only in the forms of individual words, but also in relationships among words, phrases, idiomatic uses of words, and influences of speaker-hearer, cultural, and historical contexts. Words often have different meanings in different c
5、ontexts, but a literal translation often does not account for these differences. So literal translation often is not the most accurate form of translation.直译的五大误区： 否定句型中的直译误区英语中有一些不同的否定句型，其中有一些句型不能完全采用直译法进行翻译，否则，就会造成误译，甚至与原意背道而驰，下列几种否定句型值得注意：A. 部分否定句型，这种句型不同于汉语的思维形式。I do not know all of them.误：对他们我都
6、不认识。正：对他们我不是个个都认识。All the answers are not right.误：所有答案都不对。正：答案并非全对。Every body wouldnt like it.误：每个人都不会喜欢它。正：并不是每上人都会喜欢它。B. 单一否定中的部分句型It is a long lane that had no turning.误：那是一条没有弯的长巷。正：无论多长的巷也有弯的地方（路必有弯，事必有变）。It is a wise man that never makes mistakes.误：聪明人从不犯错误。正：无论怎样聪明的人也难免犯错误。We cannot estimate
7、the value of modern science too much.误：我们不能过高地估计现代科学的价值。正：对现代科学的价值无论如何重视也不过分。It was not until years afterwards that he heard of Semmelweis.误：没过几年他就听到了Semmelweis的消息。正：直到数年之后他才听到Semmelweis 的消息。 长句直译的误区在较长的英语句子中存在着比较复杂的关系，很难按原则顺序用一句汉语表达出来，这就要根据英文句子的特点和内在联系进行意译，不能直译的长句主要有三种处理方法。A. 根据句子内在的逻辑关系和汉语的表达习惯进行翻
8、译。例如：There are advantages to underground life, too, and something to be said for imaging whole cities, even mankind generally, moving downward, of having the outermost mile of the Earths crust honeycombed with passage and structure, like a gigantic ant hill.这是一个倒装句，表示设想条件与结果关系，按这一关系来译比直译好，家似的建筑物，一座座
9、城市都迁入地下，甚至全人类都迁入地下生活，这也会给人类带来很多好处。The chances are that the dwellers of the new caves would see more greenery, under ecologically healthier conditions, than dwellers of surface cities do today.这个句子并不复杂，但不好译。这个句子有三层关系，比较、条件和结果，按这种逻辑关系翻译就十分省事。同今天地面城市里的居民相比，新洞穴里的居民如果在比较健康的生态环境中生活，会有更多的机会见到青枝绿叶。B. 有些长句需要
10、直译与意译结合，顺译与递译结合，需要综合处理。But a broader and more generous, certainly more philosophical, view is held by those scientists who claim .that the evidence of a war instinct in men is incomplete and misleading, and that man does have within him the power of abolishing war. 这个句子的主句部分可以意译，从句部分可直译。有些科学家的观点更开阔，
11、更富有普遍性和哲理性。他们指出，有关人类战争本能的证据尚不完全，而且容易引起误解，事实上，人类自身具有消除战争的能力。It was that population that gave to California a name for getting up astonishing enterprises and rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring and a recklessness of cost or consequences , which she bears unto this day .这个句子虽长，结构不复杂
12、，如果进行直译，其译文将十分逊色，如果进行综合处理，译文将有声有色地传达原文的神韵。那里的人们富于大无畏的开创精神，建立庞大的企业，敢冒风险，势如破竹，一干到底，不顾及成本，因此为加利福尼亚赢得了声誉。C. 由于有些句型不同于汉语的思维方式，常常需要进行倒译。Textile finishes have in general become a no-no in todays market place ,thanks to many reasons ,says a representative of fiber producer.一位纤维厂家代表说，由于许多原因，纺织物整理剂在今天的市场上已经到无
13、人的问津的地步。How much easier, how much more satisfying it is for you who can see to grasp quickly the essential qualities of another person by watching the subtleties of expression, the quiver of a muscle, the flutter of a hand.比较起来，你们这些有视觉的人，通过观察表情的微妙变化，肌肉的颤动和手势来迅速把握别人的基本品质，则是何等容易，保等满意啊！ 修辞句型中的误区同汉语一样，英
14、语写作中大量运用修辞手段，其中有不少辞格类似于汉语机同辞格的表达方式，因此可以直译。但有一些英语辞格很难用直译方式表达清楚，即便是同一辞格，由于处于不同场合，有的能直译，有的则不能直译。下列几种情况有时不宜直译：A. 比喻：有的比喻可以直译，有的则不能，这往往取决于汉语的表达习惯例如：At the door to the restaurant, a stunning, porcelain-faced woman in traditional costume asked me to remove my shoes.如果把stunning ,porcelain-faced woman 译作一位迷人
15、的陶瓷般脸蛋的妇女就显得粗俗滑稽，但是不是作者的本意。这时意译就比较好。在通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女，涂脂抹粉、细皮嫩肉、身着和服、十分迷人，她叫我脱下鞋子。The girl is a dead shot.这位姑娘是神枪手。（不能译作死射手）After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery grounds.他的上部小说失败之后，声誉一落千丈。（不能译为站在滑动的场地上了）B. 有些借喻不能直译He went west by stage coach and succumbed to the epidemic
16、 of gold and silver fever in Nevadas Washoe Region.误：他乘公共马车到了西部，患了瓦肖地区的金银发烧流行病。正：他乘公共马车到了西部，卷入了淘金热和淘银热。The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.误：古老的小日本漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间的引入景象是和服与超短裙之间的不断斗争的象征。正：式样古老小巧
