《2019年英语专业的毕业论文范文》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2019年英语专业的毕业论文范文（12页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、英语专业的毕业论文范文 Xiang,hiswifeandhisfour-year-olddaughterhadnoreasontostayinQingpu,hesaid,becausewagesinAnhuihaverisenrapidlyandareonlyslightlylowerthaninShanghai.Eightyearsago,hewouldhaveearnedonlyRMB400(US$48)amonthinhishomeprovince,butnowhecanmakeRMB3,000(US$480)amonth.“Inafewyears,therewontbepeoplein
2、ghere,”hesaid,referringtothestripoffactoriesalongtheroadinQingpu.“Everyplaceisbeingdeveloped.” Xiangisoneofthemanylow-wageChineseworkerswhofindthemselvesinincreasinglyhighdemand.(Asheputsit,“IfIwantedajobtoday,Icouldfindit.”)Adecadeago,thestreamoflaborflowingfromChinascountrysidetourbanfactoriesseem
3、edlimitless.Butnowthatflowofmigrantsisbeginningtoebb.FactoriesinsouthernChinabeganexperiencinglaborshortagesattheendof2003,forcingthemtochoosebetweenleavingassemblylinesunattendedorcontinuallyraisingwages.Inoneexample,achemicalfactoryinGuangdongprovincedrewonly50applicantsin20XXforahiringcampaignaim
4、edatrecruiting200-300workers,accordingtotheChinaLabourBulletin. Theshortagewillonlyworsenasthelastmigrantworkersunneededonfarmsmoveintocities,whichsomeeconomistssaycouldhappenassoonas20XX.Workersaregainingtheeconomicclouttomandhigherwagesandbetterworkingconditionsinadditiontoworkinginthelocationofth
5、eirchoosing.Higherwagesundoubtedlybenefitworkersbyraisingstandardsofliving,buttheyalsohurtChinesemanufacturershopingtopetewithlow-costexportersinothercountries.Manufacturerswillneedmoveupthevaluechainmakingmore-plexgoodsthatrequireamoreskilledbutleanerworkforcetofindnewadvantagesovertheirpetitors. T
6、hearmyofmigrantworkersthatformthebackboneoftheChineseeconomyhavealreadywitnessedcataclysmicchangessincethecountryseconomicopeninginthelate1970sspurredrapiddevelopment.AsBeijingseekstorecastitsgrowthmodeloncemore,thenextgenerationofmigrantworkersandtheiralreadyurbanizedbrethrenmustadapttomakeitinthen
7、ewChineseeconomy. Anewmodelworker MigrantworkersarethefoundationofChinasmoderneconomy,drivinglowcostexportmanufacturing.Inthedecadesfollowingreformandopening,ruralresidentsfloodedintocities,beginningwithsouthernChinesemanufacturingcenterslikeShenzhen.ThismassivemigrationcausedChinasurbanpopulationto
8、swellbyroughly500millioninthelast30years. Thesefirst-generationworkersweretruemigrants.Governmentrestrictionspreventedthemfromofficiallybeingurbanresidents,makingthemmostlyineligibleforwelfareandpubliccation,andmanymigrantsstayedinoneplaceforonlyafewyearsbeforemovingtoanotherfactoryorreturningtothec
9、ountryside.Thesemostlydestituteexfarmerswerewillingtosufferthroughpoorconditionsforlowwagesinordertofeedtheirfamiliesandprovideabetterfuturefortheirchildren. Buttheirchildren,borninthe1980sand1990s,wereraisedwithdrasticallydifferentexpectations.Thesecondgenerationmostlygrewupincitiesasthechildrenofm
10、igrantsorwasotherwisesparedfromfarmlaborbybeingsenttoschool.Thisarmyof100millionworkersbornafter1980accountedforroughlytwothirdsofallmigrantworkersin20XX,accordingtotheAll-ChinaFederationofTradeUnions. Thesesecond-generationworkersidentifyasurbanyouth,ratherthanruralmigrants,saidMaryGallagher,apolit
11、icalscienceprofessoratUniversityofMichiganwhostudiesmigrantlabor.Mostaretiedtoruralareasonlybytheirofficialhouseholdregistration,orhukou.“Icallitthehairstyletest,whichisifamigrantworkerhasahairstyle,hesnotgoingbacktofarming,”Gallaghersaid. Agenerationofonlychildren,thesemigrantsinheritedthehopesthei
12、rfirstgenerationparentshadforthem.“Theyarenolongerwillingtotoilorworkinuncleanenvironments,”Liusaid.Thatincludesjobsasconstructionworkersandhousekeepers,leadingwagestoriseinthosecategories. Thenewgenerationisoftenwillingtotakelowerpayingjobsthatarecushieroroffermoreopportunitiesforcareeradvancement.
13、“Whilethefirstgenerationwouldonlyaskhowmuchtheycouldearn,thenewgenerationfirstaskswhethertherewillberestdayseveryweekandwhethertheywillhavetoworkovertime,”saidLuMing,alaboreconomistatFudanUniversity.“Onlyafterthatwilltheyaskaboutwages.” Turn,baby,turn Chinaslabormarketisheadedforadrastictransformati
14、onasruralworkerswiththemeansandincentivetomovetocitiesdwindle.EconomistsmeasurethisprogressionusingaconceptcalledtheLewisTurningPoint,firstpromulgatedinthe1950sbyeconomistArthurLewis.Aseconomiesdevelop,workersaredrawntocitieshopingtofindjobsinhighgrowthindustries. Atsomepoint,however,therearenomorer
15、uralworkersavailablewithboththemoneyandtheincentivealargeenoughdisparitybetweenruralandurbanwagestomovetocities.TheLewisTurningPointoccurswhenthissupplyofrurallaborisexhaustedandwagesspikeacrosstheeconomyasemployerstrytoattractremainingworkers. OthermajorAsianeconomiessawtheirLewisturningpointspassd
16、ecadesago.ThepointoccurredinJapanaround1960,inTaiwaninthelate60sandinSouthKoreaintheearly70s.Chinasturningpointhaslaggedbehindthesecountriesbecauseofitsenormouspopulationanda30-yearpauseineconomicdevelopmentunder. TheLewisTurningPointaffectswagesacrosstheChineseeconomy,butworkersindifferentsectorsandregionswillexperiencetheshiftinwagesandconditionsunevenly.Forexa
