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1、 定语从句【中考命题预测】 中考常考考点:1.考查以that与which引导的定语从句 ; 2. 考查以who,whom与whose引导的定语从句; 3. 当先行词表示时间、地点或原因在从句中作状语时,用when,where或why,相当于“介词+which【常考题型】 单选、完形、书面表达 一、定语 1)什么是定语: An interesting story A beautiful girl The tall boy is my brother. The boy in black coat is my brother.定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的,是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语(
2、动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语)或句子,汉语中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任,此外,名词、代词、数词、分词、副词,不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。 2、 定语从句的定义 试着翻译一下:正在看书的男孩是我哥哥 因为这个句子已经不能用单纯的一个单词或者短语来形容限定那个男孩,所以就要用更加高级的 句子来修饰,这就是定语从句。 The boy is my brother.(主句) The boy is reading a book.(从句)将这两个句子连接到一块,就是我们
3、今天要学的定语从句在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行 词的后面。 (1) 定语从句:在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面。 (2) 先行词:被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个名词,短语,或整个主句。 (3) 关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。 The manwho / that I saw at the school gate yesterdayis my English teacher. 先行词 定语从句 昨天我在校门口看见的那个人是我的英语老师。 The boy is
4、my brother.(主句) The boy is reading a book.(从句) 解析 先行词是the boy, 而且在从句中是做主语,所以可以用who 来代替从句中的the boy。因此 可以变为:who is reading a book. 带入后,得到 The boy who is reading a book is my brother.三、定语从句的关系词 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词, 常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等, 关系副词where, when, why等。 关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句
5、之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。 I am waiting forthe boywho /thatis wearing a red coat.(关系代词作主语) 先行词关系代词 我正在等穿着红色外套的那个男孩。 The dictionarythat / whichmy sister gave me last Sunday is very expensive. 先行词关系代词(关系代词作宾语) 我姐姐上周星期天给我的那本字典很贵。 The womanwhosename is Linda Brown is his mother.(关系代词作定语) 先行词关系代词 那个是他的母亲,名叫琳
6、达布朗。 That isthe housewheremy father used to live.(关系代词作状语) 先行词 关系副词 那是我父亲曾经居住过的房子。三、关系代词引导定语从句1. that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语时可省略。例如: Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语) The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)2. which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语
7、,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket. 位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语) The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)3. who, whom都用于指人,who用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略。例如: The girl who often helps me with my English is from Eng
8、land. 经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语) Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语) 小结: that既可指人,也可指物,作主语,不能省略;作宾语,可以省略。 which指物,作主语,不能省略;作宾语,可以省略。 who指人,作主语,不能省略;作宾语(常用whom),可以省略。 注:当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词形式由先行词定。注意:1,关系词只能用that而不用which的情况:a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能
9、用that,而不用which。 例如: He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一个通过考试的人。b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用 which。例如: Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few等词修饰时
10、,只能用that,而不用which。例如: This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。d.先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that,而不用which。例如: I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that。例如: Who is the girl that is crying?正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?2.关系词只能用which,而不用
11、that的情况: a.先行词为that, those时,用which,而不用that。例如: Whats that which is under the desk?在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如: This is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间。c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which,而不用that。例如: Tom came back, which made us happy.汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。四、关系副词引导定语从句 关系副词 关系副词:在句中作状语 关系副词=介词+关系代词 why
12、=for which where=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) when=during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) 1. where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语用来表示地点的定语从句。 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten y ears ago has been pulled down. 2. when引导定语从句表示时间。在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用 (1) I still remember the day wh
13、en I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came. 3. why指原因 在定语从句中做原因状语 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 五、介词加关系代词引导定语从句关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. 注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+ which/whom”结构。例如:This is the housein whichwe lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。 (2)含有