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1、Imidacloprid Neonicotinoids (2),2013.10,2,Reference,1. Friederike Kramer, Norbert Mencke. Flea biology and control The Biology of the Cat Flea Control and Prevention with Imidacloprid in Small AnimalsM. Berlin:Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2001: 63-98. 2. Imidacloprid general fact shee
2、t. National Pesticide Information Center. http:/npic.orst.edu/factsheets/imidagen.html. 3. Imidacloprid general fact sheet. National Pesticide Information Center. http:/npic.orst.edu/factsheets/imidacloprid.html. 4. http:/pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/haloxyfop-methylparathion/imidacloprid-
3、ext.html. 5. Toxicological evaluations imidacloprid. Pesticide residues in food 2001. http:/www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/2001pr07.htm.,3,Outline,History of Imidacloprid Physical / Chemical Properties How does imidacloprid work? Toxicological effects Fate in the Body Summary,4,History of Imi
4、dacloprid,In the 1960s the naturally occurring insecticide nicotine was simplified by Yamamoto to 3-pyridylmethylamines, but none of these were of practical value. In recent times a knock-down fly product against M. domestica L.家蝇 containing nithiazine has been available. In 1985 finally the chemist
5、s of Nihon Tokushu Noyaku Seizo K.K. in Japan synthesized among other compounds the nitroguanidine NTN 33893, known today as imidacloprid. The addition of a heterocyclic substituent杂环取代基, the 6-chloro-3-pyridyl-methyl moiety, to the nitromethylene substituted heterocycles (NMHs) increased the insect
6、icidal activity remarkably and further optimization 优化finally resulted in the invention of imidacloprid from Nihon Bayer Agrochem. K.K Thus imidacloprid was the first commercialized member of a new class of insecticides, called chloronicotinyl 氯化烟酰.,5,Physical / Chemical Properties,Imidacloprid is m
7、ade up of colorless crystals with a slight but characteristic odor 气味. Melting point: 144 Solubility (water): 0.61 g/L at 20 Hydrolysis half-life: 30 days (25 at pH 7) Anaerobic 厌氧的 half-life: 27.1 days Aerobic 好氧的 half-life: 997 days Soil photolysis half-life: 38.9 days Field dissipation half-life:
8、 26.5 229 days Soil adsorption coefficient 吸附系数: Kd=0.956 4.18 / Koc=132310,6,How does imidacloprid work?,Imidacloprid disrupts 破坏 the nerves ability to send a normal signal, and the nervous system stops working the way it should. Imidacloprid is much more toxic to insects and other invertebrates 无脊
9、椎动物 than it is to mammals 哺乳动物 and birds because it binds better to the receptors of insect nerve cells. Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide 内吸性杀虫剂, which means that plants take it up from the soil or through the leaves and it spreads throughout the plants stems 茎, leaves, fruit, and flowers. Ins
10、ects that chew 咀嚼 or suck 吸允 on the treated plants end up eating the imidacloprid as well. Once the insects eat the imidacloprid, it damages their nervous system and they eventually die.,7,Toxicological effects,Acute Toxicity Oral Imidacloprid is moderately toxic 中等毒性 if ingested 摄取. Oral LD50 value
11、s in rats were estimated to be 450 mg/kg for both sexes in one study and 500 and 380 mg/kg in males and females, respectively in another study. In mice, LD50 values were estimated at 130 mg/kg for males and 170 mg/kg for females. Inhalation 吸入 Imidacloprid is variable 变量 in toxicity if inhaled. The
12、inhalation LC50 was estimated to be greater than 5323 mg/m3 for dust 粉剂 and 69 mg/m3 for aerosol 气雾 exposure in rats. Imidacloprid dust is considered slightly toxic but the aerosol form is highly toxic.,8,Toxicological effects,Acute Toxicity Dermal 皮肤 Imidacloprid is very low in toxicity via dermal
13、exposure. The dermal LD50 in rats was estimated at greater than 5000 mg/kg. Researchers did not observe eye or skin irritation 刺激 in rabbits 兔子. Imidacloprid is not considered a skin sensitizer 皮肤敏化剂 although reports of hypersensitivity 过敏症 in skin following exposure to imidacloprid have been report
14、ed in companion animals.,9,Toxicological effects,Acute Toxicity Signs of Toxicity Animals Salivation and vomiting 流涎和呕吐 have been reported following oral exposure. Very high oral exposures may lead to lethargy 嗜睡, vomiting, diarrhea 腹泻, salivation, muscle weakness and ataxia运动失调, which are all indic
15、ative of imidacloprids action on nicotinic receptors. Other signs of exposure at high doses are uncoordinated gait 步态不稳, tremors 颤抖, and reduced activity. Hypersensitivity reactions 过敏反应 in skin have been reported following dermal applications of products containing imidacloprid. Neither persistent
16、neurotoxic 神经毒性 effects nor effects with a delayed onset have been reported for imidacloprid.,10,Toxicological effects,Acute Toxicity Signs of Toxicity Humans A 69-year-old woman ingested a formulated product产品配方 containing 9.6% imidacloprid in N-methyl pyrrolide solution. The woman suffered severe cardiac toxicity心脏毒性 and death 12 hours after the exposure. Signs of toxicity soon after the ingestion included disorientation迷失方向, sweating出汗, vomiting呕吐, an
