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1、Basic Chemistry1. Atomic StructureMatter has mass and takes up space. Atoms are basic building blocks of matter, and cannot be chemically subdivided by ordinary means. Both the protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus. Protons have a positive (+) charge, neutrons have no charge -they are neutral.
2、Electrons reside in orbitals around the nucleus. They have a negative charge (-). It is the number of protons that determines the atomic number. The number of protons in an element is constant but neutron number may vary, so mass number (protons + neutrons) may vary. 1。原子结构物质有质量，占空间。原子是物质的基本组成物，不能用普
3、通的方法进行化学细分。质子和中子都驻留在原子核中。质子有一个正电荷，中子是不带电的，它们是中性的。电子在原子核周围的轨道上。他们有一个负电荷（-）。它是确定原子序数的质子数。在一个元素中的质子的数量是恒定的，但中子数可能会有所不同，所以质量数（质子+中子）可能会有所不同。The same element may contain varying numbers of neutrons; these forms of an element are called isotopes. The chemical properties of isotopes are the same, although
4、the physical properties of some isotopes may be different. Some isotopes are radioactive-meaning they radiate energy as they decay to a more stable form, perhaps another element half-life: time required for half of the atoms of an element to decay into stable form. Another example is oxygen, with at
5、omic number of 8 can have 8, 9, or 10 neutrons. 相同的元素可能含有不同数量的中子，这些元素的这些形式被称为同位素。同位素的化学性质是相同的，虽然一些同位素的物理性质可能是不同的。一些同位素是放射性的，这意味着它们“辐射”能量，因为它们衰变到一个更稳定的形式，也许另一个元素半衰期：所需的元素的原子的一半，衰变成稳定的形式。另一个例子是氧气，原子数为8，可以有8，9，或10个中子。Here is a list of the basic characteristics of atoms: An atom is a basic chemical buil
6、ding block of matter. Atoms cannot be divided using chemicals. They do consist of parts, which include protons, neutrons, and electrons, but an atom is a basic chemical building block of matter. Each electron has a negative electrical charge. Each proton has a positive electrical charge. The charge
7、of a proton and an electron are equal in magnitude, yet opposite in sign. Electrons and protons are electrically attracted to each other. 这里是一个原子的基本特征列表：原子是一个基本的化学构建块的事。原子不可分为使用化学物质。他们做的包括部分，其中包括质子，中子和电子，但原子是一个基本的化学物质块的物质。每个电子带负电荷。每个质子带正电荷。一个质子和一个电子的电荷在数量上是相等的，而在符号相反。电子和质子相互电吸引。 Each neutron is elec
8、trically neutral. In other words, neutrons do not have a charge and are not electrically attracted to either electrons or protons. Protons and neutrons are about the same size as each other and are much larger than electrons. The mass of a proton is essentially the same as that of a neutron. The mas
9、s of a proton is 1840 times greater than the mass of an electron. The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons. The nucleus carries a positive electrical charge. 每个中子是电中性的。换言之，中子不带电，也没有电吸引到电子或质子。质子与中子的大小相同、互比电子大得多。质子的质量与中子的质量基本上是相同的。质子的质量比电子的质量大1840倍。原子包含质子和中子的核。细胞核携带正电荷。 Electrons move arou
10、nd outside the nucleus. Almost all of the mass of an atom is in its nucleus; almost all of the volume of an atom is occupied by electrons. The number of protons (also known as its atomic number) determines the element. Varying the number of neutrons results in isotopes. Varying the number of electro
11、ns results in ions. Isotopes and ions of an atom with a constant number of protons are all variations of a single element. 电子绕核外。几乎所有原子的质量是其核心；几乎所有原子的原子量是通过电子占领。质子数（也被称为原子数）决定元素。改变同位素的中子数。改变离子的数量。具有恒定数量的质子的原子的同位素和离子都是一个单一元素的变化。 The particles within an atom are bound together by powerful forces. In g
12、eneral, electrons are easier to add or remove from an atom than a proton or neutron. Chemical reactions largely involve atoms or groups of atoms and the interactions between their electrons. 原子内部的粒子是由强大的力量结合在一起。在一般情况下，电子是更容易添加或删除从一个原子比一个质子或中子。化学反应在很大程度上涉及原子或原子团，以及它们的电子之间的相互作用。2. Chemical BondingAtom
13、s are the basic building blocks of all types of matter. Atoms link to other atoms through chemicals bonds resulting from the strong attractive forces that exist between the atoms. So what exactly is a chemical bond? It is a region that forms when electrons from different atoms interact with each oth
14、er. The electrons that participate in chemical bonds are the valence electrons, which are the electrons found in an atoms outermost shell. When two atoms approach each other these outer electrons interact. Electrons repel each other, yet they are attracted to the protons within atoms. The interplay
15、of forces results in some atoms forming bonds with each other and sticking together. 2。化学键原子是所有类型物质的基本组成块。原子通过化学键连接到其他原子，产生的原子之间存在着很强的引力作用。那么到底什么是化学键？当电子从不同的原子相互作用时，它是一个形成的区域。参与化学键的电子是价电子，这是在原子的最外层中发现的电子。当两个原子相互接近时，这些外电子相互作用。电子相互排斥，但它们被原子内的质子所吸引。在某些原子的相互作用，形成相互联系，并粘在一起的原子。 Ionic bondsIonic bonds ari
16、se from elements with low electronegativity (almost empty outer shells) reacting with elements with high electronegativity (mostly full outer shells). In this case there is a complete transfer of electrons. A well known example is table salt, sodium chloride. Sodium gives up its one outer shell electron completely to chlorine which needs only one electron to fill its shell. Thus
