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1、Section Lesson 4原文呈现“Who questions much, shall learn much, and remember much.”Francis Bacon(15611626)It seems obvious now how we acquire knowledge and understanding. To start with， you need questions. Then, to find answers, you observe the world around you and study the facts. After that you conside
2、r possible answers and test each to find the right ones. Although today we are more accustomed to typing a few key words into a search engine and waiting for the Internet to spit the answer out for us, modern scientists and thinkers are still solving the worlds problems with this type of analysis lu
3、ckily for us.acquire kwaI vt.获得，得到it作形式主语，how引导的从句为真正的主语。to start withto begin with首先observe v观察；遵守although 引导让步状语从句，可与still, yet连用，不与but连用。be/get accustomed to习惯于(to为介词)be/get used to 习惯于spit out 吐出破折号表示解释说明。“勤于提问的人学到的更多，并且记住的更多。”弗兰西斯培根(15611626)第1段译文我们如何获取知识及如何理解现在似乎显而易见。首先，你需要提出问题。然后，为了找到答案，你观察自己
4、周围的世界，并研究事实。之后，你考虑可能的答案，并且一一加以测试来找出正确的答案。尽管我们现在更习惯于在搜索引擎里敲进几个关键词，等待互联网为我们吐出答案；然而对我们来说幸运的是，当代的科学家和思想家还是用这种分析的方法来解决世界上的问题。However, in the 17th century when Francis Bacon suggested that this type of thinking was the way to gain knowledge, he was going against the views of the day. Bacon held an importa
5、nt rank under King James (15661625) of England but his true interest was not the day to day bureaucratic details of the government, but the worthy search for knowledge. This was certainly not the interest of most people in his day. At that time, people believed more in religion than in facts and peo
6、ple like Galileo Galilei (15641642), who proved scientific ideas such as “the Earth is not the centre of the universe”， were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence. The church and many people tended to ignore the facts and were unwilling to challenge what they had always co
7、mfortably believed. They preferred to make assumptions about the world based on the experience of others. In fact, when Galilei proved that the Earth was not the centre of the universe, instead of believing him, people chose to believe views that were almost 2,000 years old！thinking IkI n思考，考虑go aga
8、inst 违背，反对when引导定语从句，修饰先行词the 17th century; that引导宾语从句。rank rk n职衔bureaucratic bjrkrtIk adj.官僚的worthy wi adj.值得的be worthy 值得做某事religion rIlIdn n宗教defence dIfens n保卫，保护in defence of 保卫；为辩护tend to往往会，倾向于ignore In vt.忽视，不顾unwilling nwIlI adj.不情愿的what引导的从句作challenge的宾语。assumption smpn n假定，假设on the assum
9、ption that .假定，假设(be) based on以为基础based on .是过去分词短语作后置定语。第2段译文然而，在17世纪，当弗兰西斯培根提出这种思考方式是获取知识的途径时，他背离了当时的观念。在英国詹姆士国王(15661625)统治时期，培根是一位身居要职的官员，但是他真正的兴趣不是政府每日的繁文缛节，而是对知识的崇高追求。这当然不是他那个时代大多数人的兴趣。那时，人们更多地相信宗教，而不是事实。像伽利略伽利莱(15641642)这样证明了例如“地球不是宇宙的中心”等科学观点的人常常被教会惩罚而无人为他们辩护。教会和许多人往往会忽视事实，不愿意去挑战他们一直习惯于相信的一切
10、。他们宁愿以其他人的经验为依据对世界作出假设。事实上，当伽利莱证实地球不是宇宙的中心时，人们不相信他的话，而是宁愿去相信存在了将近两千年的观点！It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these ancient views as they had been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle (384322 BC). He said that the Earth must be the centre of the universe because it felt like t
11、he Earth was standing still. Galilei disagreed. At first, people approved of his studies and urged him to continue, but later when he proved Aristotle wrong, they grew angry and put him in prison. They didnt want to challengewhat theyd always thought was true.This also shows how people didnt want to
12、 search for their own understanding or educate themselves. And this is still often true today. People feel that if someone important and respected says that something is right, then it must be so. But even though Aristotle was a great man who inspired many great scientists and philosophers after him
13、， he was wrong at times. And Galilei too made mistakes. He is now known as the father of astronomy but he believed that the earth moved round the sun in a perfect circle. He was wrong. Therefore our understanding of the world around us is constantly growing and changing. In other words， we learn mor
14、e every day and none of us can ever sit back and say, “We know it all.”put forward 提出It is not surprising that .中，it是形式主语，that 从句是真正的主语；本句中又包含一个as引导的原因状语从句。approve of 赞成，赞许approve pruv v赞成；认可；满意urge d vt.力劝，强烈要求urge sb.to do sth.强烈要求某人做某事put sb.in prison 把某人投入监狱challenge v向挑战search for 搜寻(look for)i
15、n search of寻找，搜寻in ones search for某人寻找respected adj.受尊敬的，受敬重的inspire InspaI v启发；鼓舞inspire sb.to do sth.鼓励某人做某事inspiring adj.令人鼓舞的who 引导定语从句，修饰a great man。in other words 换句话说in a word 总而言之sit back 坐下休息；袖手旁观第34段译文人们愿意相信这些古老的观点并不奇怪，因为这些观点是伟大的哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384公元前322)提出来的。他说地球一定是宇宙的中心，因为从感觉上讲地球是静止不动的。伽利莱不同意这种说法。起初，人们赞同他的研究并敦促他继续进行，但是后来当他证明亚里士多德错了的时候，他们就生气了，把他关进了监狱。他们不愿意挑战他们一直认为正确的东西。这也表明人们是多么不愿意去探索自己对事物的理解或教育自己。在今天，这仍然是事实。人们认为，如果某个重要的和受尊敬的人说某事是正确的，那它一定是正确的。但即使是亚里士多德这样一位启发了他以后许多杰出的科学家和哲学家的伟大人物，有
