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1、1 主语：主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)， 是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。1名词作主语。 如：A tree has fallen across the road. (一棵树倒下横在路上。)Little streams feed big rivers. ( 小河流入大江。)2代词用作主语。如：Youre not far wrong. (你差不多对了)。He told a joke but it fell flat. (他说了个笑话，但没有引人发笑3数词用作主语。如：Three is enough. 三个就够了。Fou
2、r from seven leaves three. 7减4余3。4名词化的形容词用作主语。The idle are forced to work. 懒汉被迫劳动。Old and young marched side by side. 老少并肩而行。5副词用作主语。如：Now is the time. 现在是时候了。Carefully does it. 小心就行。6名词化的介词作主语。如：The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come.我们必须承受人生之沉浮。7不定式用作主语。 如：To find your way can be a p
3、roblem.你能否找到路可能是一个问题。It would be nice to see him again.如能见到他，那将是一件愉快的事。8 动名词用作主语。如：Smoking is bad for you. 吸烟对你有害。Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work.看电影是乐事， 制作影片则是苦事。9 名词化的过去分词用作主语。如：The disabled are to receive more money.残疾人将得到更多的救济金。The deceased died of old age.死者死于年老。10. 介词短语用作主
4、语。如：To Beijing is not very far. 到北京不很远。From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback.从延安到南泥湾要三个小时。11.从句用作主语。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine.你无论什么时候准备好都行。Because Sally wants to leave doesnt mean that we have to.不能说萨利要走因而我们也得走。12.句子用作主语。如：”How do you do ?” is a greeting.“你好”是一句问候语。二
5、谓语谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词主要动词）构成。1由简单的动词构成。(1). What happened? 发生了什么事？(2). He worked hard all day today. 他今天苦干了一天。(3). The plane took off at ten oclock. 飞机是十点起飞的。2由动词短语构成的谓语。(1). I am reading. 我在看书。(2). Whats been keeping you all this time? 这半天你在干什么来着？(3)
6、. You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。3英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词，表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give 等。如：(1). I had a swim yesterday. 我昨天游了一次水（had a swim 代替了swam）(2). Take a look at that! 你看看那个！（take a look 代替了 look）(3). He gave a sigh. 他叹了口气。（gave a sigh 代替了sighed）(4). I got a good shake-up
7、.我受到了很大的震动。（a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分，彻底的)）三表语表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构钟，联系动词只是形式上的谓语，二真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。1The wedding was that Sunday. 婚礼是在那个星期天举行的。（名词）2So thats that. 就是这样。（代词）3We are seven. 我们一共7人。（数词）
8、4Are you busy? 你有空吗？（形容词）5Are you there? 你在听吗？（电话用语）（副词）Is anybody in? 里面有人吗？ （副词）6All I could do was to wait. 我只能等待。（不定式）My answer to his threat（威胁） was to hit him on the nose.我对他的威胁的回答是照他的鼻子打去。（不定式）7Complimenting（赞美，祝贺） is lying. 恭维就是说谎。（动名词）Is that asking so much? 这是要的高了吗？（动名词）8I was so much surp
9、rised at it. 我对此事感到很惊讶。（过分）Im very pleased with what he has done. 我对他所做的很满意。（过分）9She is in good health. 她很健康。（介词短语）The show is from seven till ten. 演出时间为7点至10点。（介词短语）10Is that why you were angry? 这就是你发怒的原因吗？（从句）11This is where I first met her. 这就是我初次与她会面的地方。（从句）补充：能做系动词的实义动词：come , go , run, turn ,g
10、et , become , keep , stay , make (表变化的动词)fell，sound ,smell , look , taste （感观动词）seem, appear (似乎，好像)例如：1Our dream has come true. 我的梦想实现了。（Come后常加 easy ,loose natural 等）2. He fell sick. 他病了。Keep fit.保重。Keep作为系动词还常接quiet ，calm ，cool， well， warm ，silent，clean，dry3The well ran dry. 这口井干枯了。（short , loose
11、 , wild , cold 等）4A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is.一个瘦个子似乎比他的实际高度要高些。四宾语宾语（object）在句中主要充当动作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。如：Our team beat all the others. 我们的球队打败了所有其他球队。可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。1Do you fancy a drink? 你想喝一杯吗？（名词）2They wont hurt us. 他们不会伤害我们。（代词）3If
12、 you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5加5等于10。（数词）。4I shall do my possible. 我将尽力而为。（名词化形容词）5He left there last week. 他上个星期离开了那里。（副词）6Does she really mean to leave home? 她真的要离开家吗？（不定式）7He never did the unexpected(想不到的，意外的).他从不做使人感到意外的事。（名词化的分词）8Do you understand what I mean? 你明白我的意思吗？（从句）扩展：宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语，即
13、直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物（多指人），具有这种双宾语的及物动词叫做与格动词(dative verb), 常用的有：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等，间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用，通常放在直接宾语之前。如：I
14、have found him a place. 我给他找到了一个职位。五补语补语（complement）是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语（subject complement）,补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语（object complement）.(1). 容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前，后有逗号。Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 我又累又困，就去睡了。有时可以置于主语之后，前后都有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。如：The man, cruel beyond belief, didnt listen to their p
15、leadings.那人不可置疑地残酷，不听取他们的恳求。(2).可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等1.They named the child Jimmy. 他们将孩子命名为吉米。（名词用作并与补语）2.My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister.我的母亲面很嫩，你会以为她是我的姐姐（名词短语作宾语补语）3. He boiled the egg hard. 她将鸡蛋煮老了。（形容词用作宾语补语）3.I found the book very interesting.我发现那本书很有趣。（形容词短语用作宾补）4.The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover.同志们要白求恩大夫隐蔽一下。（不定式用作宾语补语）5.I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.我把这个叫
