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1、第四章 时态和语态一动词的时态英语时态用共有十六种时态，其中常用的有8种，它们是：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时。时态主动语态被动语态具体形式通式具体形式通式肯定式否定式肯定式否定式肯定式否定式肯定式否定式一般现在时do/does;am/is/aredo/does not do;am/is/are notdo;bedo not do;be notam/is/are doneam/is/are not donebe donebe not done一般过去时did;was/weredid not do;was/were notwas/
2、were donewas/were not done一般将来时will do;will bewill not do;will not bewill be donewill not be done注：be没有被动形式现在进行时am/is/are doingam/is/are not doingbe doingbe not doingam/is/are being donebe being done过去进行时was/were doingwas/were not doingwas/were being done将来进行时will be doing注：be通常不用于进行时现在完成时have/has d
3、onehave/has not donehave donehave not donehave/has been donehave/has not been donehave been donehave not been done过去完成时had donehad not donehad been donehad not been done将来完成时will have donewill have been done过去将来时would do;would bewould not do;would not bewould be donewould not be done现在完成进行时have/has
4、been doing一. 一般现在时. 1.构成. be动词：am is are ; 其他动词用动词原形，当主语是第三人称单数时要在谓语动词后加“s”，其变化规则与名词变复数一致。2.用法. 1). 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。如usually, always, often, seldom, never, every.,eg. I leave home for school at 7 every morning.I dont leave home for school at 7 every morning.Do I leave home for school at 7 e
5、very morning?He usually gets up early.He doesnt usually get up early.Does he usually get up early?2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。eg. The earth moves around the sun. The earth doesnt move around the sun 否定句Does the earth move around the sun? 疑问句Shanghai lies in the east of China.Shanghai doesnt lie in the east of
6、 China 否定句Does Shanghai lie in the east of China? 疑问句Water boils at 100 centigrade degrees.3) 表示格言或警句中eg. Pride goes before a fall.注意. 此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。eg. Columbus proved that the earth is round.4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。既用于某些不用于进行时态的静态动词表示现在的行为和状态。eg. She is shy. We love our country.
7、Tom writes good English.5) 某些动词如 come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, finish, continue, start 等，在一般现在时句中可用来表示将来肯定会发生的动作。 按时刻表发生eg. The train comes at 3 oclock.6) 在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，一般现在时代替一般将来时。eg. Ill help you as soon as you have problem. Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him.7) 用于文章标题、故事介绍、实况解说等。eg.
8、There is a piece of meat in the crows mouth and the fox wants to eat it.He puts the sugar in the cup.二一般过去时1. 构成：be动词用 was were ;其他动词用动词的过去式。2. 用法：1). 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句,如 yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。eg. I worked in th
9、at factory last year. I didnt work in the factory last year 否定句Did I work in the factory last year? 疑问句He was born on May 1,1999. He wasnt born on May 1.1999Was he born on May 1. 1999？2). 表示过去发生的经常、反复的动作或状态。He was always the first to come.注意. 1) 过去经常反复发生的动作，也可用used to或would加动词原形来表达，eg. I used to go
10、fishing on Sundays.2) used to也可用于表示过去曾经存在过的状态.eg. This river used to be clean.3)陈述过去的事实。eg. He came to borrow a book.Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.4)用一般过去时表现在，以使语气更加委婉，常用于情态动词could, would, might及行为动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend等。eg. Could you tell me the way to th
11、e bus station?I wondered if you could help me.三 一般将来时1. 构成： will + do 当主语是第一人称时还可以用shall2. 用法1）表示将来的动作或状态。eg. I shall attend the meeting tomorrow.I shall not attend the meeting tomorrow否定句Shall I attend the meeting tomorrow? 疑问句2）表示将来反复发生的动作或存在的状态。eg. He will go to see his mother every Saturday. He
12、will not go to see his mother every Saturday否定句Will he go to see his mother every Saturday? 疑问句3)表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。eg. Crops will die without water.4）表示将来的意愿，决心，许诺， 命令等时常用will，征求对方意见，主语是第一人称时，常用shall。eg. I will do my best to catch up with them. Shall I open the door?3其他表示将来的形式1）be + going + 动词不定式。也是一种将来时
13、句型，表示打算，计划，最近或将来要做的某事。Eg. I am going to Beijing next week.2）be + 动词不定式。表示有职责，义务，可能，约定，意图等。 eg. There is to be a meeting this afternoon. We are to meet the guests at the station.3）be about + 动词不定式，表示马上，很快做某事,不与表示将来的时间状语连用, 但是可以与when 引导的时间状语从句连用eg. They are about to leave.I am about to leave when the
14、telephone rings4. 一般现在时表示将来的用法a). 表示按时间表规定将要发生的事情（有时间状语），而且是周而复始发生的。eg. The train starts at 6:35 tomorrow morning.Next Teachers Day falls on a Saturday.b). 用在时间、条件、让步状语从句中。eg. Post the letter when you go to the post office.c). 在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。eg. I hope that they have a goo
15、d time next week.Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.四. 现在进行时1. 构成 ： am ， is， are + doing2. 用法 ：1）现在进行时表示说话者说话时正在发生或者进行的动作， 它注重现在正在进行的动作，而不管动作从什么时间开始，到什么时间结束。eg. -What are you doing now? -I am looking for my key.2）现在进行时表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作（但说话时这个动作不一定在进行）。eg. The students are preparing for the examination.The students are not prepa
