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1、宾语从句 一、宾语从句的连接词：1、 连词that，只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略。eg. He knew (that) he should work hard.2、 连词if 、whether，它们起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，在口语中多用if。eg. Tom dont know if/whether his grandpa liked the present.He asked me whether or not I was coming.一般情况下，if 和whether可以互换，但以下情况只能用whether：与or not连用：Th
2、ey are talking about whether to go there or not. 在介词后：It depends on(依靠) whether it is going to rain.Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided.3、 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which，连接副词when, where, why, how， eg. The teacher asked the new students （ ） class he was in.I wonder where he got so much m
3、oney.2、 宾语从句的语序：它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述语序Can you tell me whom do we have to see?Can you tell me whom we have to see?3、 时态主从一致【注意】当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时，不管主句谓语的时态如何，从句都用一般现在时。eg. The teacher told us (that) the earth moves around the sun.直接引语变间接引语一、如何变人称：直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：She said.
4、My brother wants to go with me. She said her brother wanted to go with her.“直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：He said to Kate. How is your sister now?He asked Kate how her sister was then。“直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：Mr Smith said
5、。 Jack is a good worker。Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。二、如何变时态：直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。如果主句谓语动词为现在范畴的时态或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：（1） 一般现在时变为一般过去时（2） 现在进行时变为过去进行时（3） 一般将来时变为过去将来时（4） 现在完成时变为过去完成时（5） 一般过去时变为过去完成时（6） 过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时要注意在以下几种情况：（1） 如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引
6、语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：The teacher said The earth goes round the sun.The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.（2）直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如： He said to me, I was born in 1973.He told me that he was born in 1973.(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：He said, Im a boy, not a
7、girl.He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.(4) 直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语时，时态不变。如：The girl said, I get up at six every morning.The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：He said to me, I have taught Engl
8、ish since he came here .He told me that he had taught English since he came here.(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如：The teacher said to me . You must pay more attention to your pronunciation. The teacher told me that I must (have to
9、 ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.He said , I could swim when I was only six .He said that he could swim when he was only six.(7) 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：Jack said. John, where were you going when I met you in the street?Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。定语从句 修饰限定名词或
10、代词的成分被称为定语。1. 关系词的分类：1）关系代词： who, whom, which, that, whose 2）关系副词： when, where, why (作状语)l who, whom的用法 1) who在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语可省。 I like the person（ who ）you are talking to. 2) l that和which的用法 1) 限制性定语从句中，通常情况下可以互换。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开 The
11、room in _ I live is very big. = The room _ I live in is very big. 2） 只用that“人物最不避人物” “人物”that既可指人，也可指物 Is this the museum that you visited the other day? (指_,可用_) Jack is no longer the person that I met five years ago. （指_, 可用_、_） “最”极端修饰：最高级、序数词、the only, the same, the same等 This is the best film t
12、hat has been shown so far in the city. (先行词被_修饰) The first thing that we should do now is to find a local guide. （先行词被_修饰） “不”不定代词 (all, much, little, few, something, anything, everything, nothing, none, 等) All the apples _that_ fell down from the tree were eaten up by the pigs. There is not much_ o
13、ught to be done right now. (先行词为_) He did everythingcould help us. (先行词为_) (10 全国2) I refuse to accept the blame for something _was someone elses fault. A. which B. whose C. who D. that “避”避免重复 Who is the person that is standing at the school gate? （前有_） 哪辆自行车是你弄丢的那辆？ _ is the bike _ you lost? “人物”先
14、行词有人也有物 Tell us about the people and the places_that are different from ours. Im going to talk about the countries and people that I have visited.（先行词是_） 3) 只用which 在非限制性定语从句中 She lost the game, which depressed her greatly. Tokyo, _ is the capital of Japan, sees great changes every day. 在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词前。 The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop. The pen with _ you are writing is Jeffs. 如果有两个定语从句，其中前一个关系代词用that，后一个宜用which Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
