《现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter3&4》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter3&4（11页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Chapter 3 Word-Formation（I）构词法n 3.1 General Remark 概述n 3.2 Compounding 复合构词法n 3.3 Derivation 派生构词法 3.3.1 Prefixation 加前缀 3.3.2 Suffixation 加后缀n 3.4 Conversion 词类转换法3.1 GeneralRemarks概述l Thethreemajorprocessesl Compositionorcompounding(27%)raindrop,snow-white,baby-sit Affixationorderivation(17.5%)pre
2、fixation前缀法: deescalate; antihero -suffixation后缀法: hawkish; modernize Conversion(10.5%) battle (v.) buy(n.)l The eight minor processes of word-formation:a) Initialisms and acronyms(about 9%)首字母缩略法:U.N.,TV,UNESO,NATO;b) Blending (about 6%)拼缀法:brunch ,telex,airtel;c) Clipping (about 2%)口语省略表达:phone,fl
3、ue,lab;d) Words from proper names(about 2%):an Uncle Tom, xerox;e) Back formation(about 1%)反成法:gangle ,vacuumclean;f) Reduplication(about 0.5%)重叠法:walkie-talkie,go-go;g) Neo-classical formations (about 4%)新古典主义构词法:psychedelic,neurolinguistics;h) Others(about 3%):pizzazz,gazuumpl Some basic concepts
4、of word-formation1. Word-formation rules2. Root,stem,base: Root词根: is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology Stem词干: the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. Base词基: any form to which affixes of any kind can
5、be added.Eg. undesirables = un + desire + able + s Base: desirable desire (base) undesirable desirable (base) undesirables undesirable (base)denationalized = de + nation + al + ize + dRoot: nation Stem: denationalize Base: national nation nationalize national denationalize nationalize denationalized
6、 denationalizedesirable: desire (root or base, not stem) undesirable: desirable (base, not root, not stem) undesirables: undesirable (stem or base, not root) desired: desire (root, stem or base) 3.2 Compounding 复合构词法Compounding / composition复合构词法: A word-formation process consisting of joining two o
7、r more bases to form a new unit. Eg. flowerpot= flower + pot machine-independent= machine + independentl The relative criteria of a compound 1. Orthographic criterion书写标准: Compounds are written in three ways, that is, solid, hyphenated and open. Solid固定的: airtight ;airmail Hyphenated:带连接符号的 air-cond
8、itioning Open公开的: air force, air raid 2. Phonological criterion语音标准: Compound accent: a main stress on the first element and secondary stress on the second element. Normal phrase accent: a secondary stress on the first element and the main stress on the second element. 3. Semantic criterion: 语义表达标准
9、Semantically, compounds can be said to have a meaning which may be related to but cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts. E.g. flowerpot-花盆workday-工作日backyard-后院*we can infer the meaning from the meaning of its component parts n red tape(官样文章，烦琐拖沓的公事程序) dog days（the hottes
10、t day of the year）三伏天 flatfoot(a policeman)警察 blue blood (the quality of being a nobleman by birth)贵族血统 blue ribbon(an honor given to the winner of the first prize)最高荣誉 *we cannot infer the meaning from the meaning of its component parts l The classification of compounding复合构词的分类Compounds are classi
11、fied according to parts of speech of the compounds and subdivided by the syntactic relation of the compounding element.Parts of speech: 1. Noun compounds名次合成词a) Subject and verbb) Verb and object c) Verb and adverbiald) Subject and object e) Restrictive relation f) Appositive relation 2. Adjective c
12、ompounds形容词合成词a) subject and verb 主谓关系b) verb and object 动宾关系c) verb and adverbial 谓状关系d) noun and adjective3. Verb compounds动词合成词a) Those formed by back-formationb) Those formed by conversion *there are two types of syntactic relations in verb compounds-object +verb: housekeep“ to keep house” proof
13、-read “to read and correct the printers proof.-adverbial +verb: babysit “to sit with a baby” vacuum clean “to clean with a vacuum cleaner ”3.3 Derivation 派生构词法Derivation / affixation派生构词法: A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combining form, t
14、o an already existing word.Eg. recover = re + cover worker= work + erl A combining form构词成分: a bound morpheme, which was originally a full word in Latin or Greek, but which now occurs only in derivatives.Eg. autobiography 自传文学 auto- = autos (Gk) = self self + life + writeautoalarm 自动报警器 (auto + alarm) autocracy 独裁政治 (auto + cracy)*Combining forms are distinguished from affixes by their ability to occur as one constituent of a word whose only other constituent is an affix. Eg . autocracy hydrography telephone autocracy
