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1、【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】外文文献翻译译文一、外文原文原文：RiskManagementThischapterreviewsanddiscussesthebasicissuesandprinciplesofriskmanagement,including:riskacceptability(tolerability);riskreductionandtheALARPprinciple;cautionaryandprecautionaryprinciples.Andpresentsacasestudyshowingtheimportanceoftheseissuesandprincip
2、lesinapracticalmanagementconteGt.Beforewetakeacloserlook,letusbrieflyaddresssomebasicfeaturesofriskmanagement.Thepurposeofriskmanagementistoensurethatadequatemeasuresaretakentoprotectpeople,theenvironment,andassetsfrompossibleharmfulconsequencesoftheactivitiesbeingundertaken,aswellastobalancediffere
3、ntconcerns,inparticularrisksandcosts.Riskmanagementincludesmeasuresbothtoavoidthehazardsandtoreducetheirpotentialharm.Traditionally,inindustriessuchasnuclear,oil,andgas,riskmanagementwasbasedonaprescriptiveregulatingregime,inwhichdetailedrequirementsweresetwithregardtothedesignandoperationofthearran
4、gements.Thisregimehasgraduallybeenreplacedbyamoregoal-orientedregime,puttingemphasisonwhattoachieveratherthanonthemeansofachievingit.Riskmanagementisanintegralaspectofagoal-orientedregime.Itisacknowledgedthatriskcannotbeeliminatedbutmustbemanaged.Thereisnowadaysanenormousdriveandenthusiasminvariousi
5、ndustriesandinsocietyasawholetoimplementriskmanagementinorganizations.TherearehigheGpectationsthatriskmanagementistheproperframeworkthroughwhichtoachievehighlevelsofperformance.Riskmanagementinvolvesachievinganappropriatebalancebetweenrealizingopportunitiesforgainandminimizinglosses.Itisanintegralpa
6、rtofgoodmanagementpracticeandanessentialelementofgoodcorporategovernance.Itisaniterativeprocessconsistingofstepsthat,whenundertakeninsequence,canleadtoacontinuousimprovementindecision-makingandfacilitateacontinuousimprovementinperformance.Tosupportdecision-makingregardingdesignandoperation,riskanaly
7、sesarecarriedout.Theyincludetheidentificationofhazardsandthreats,causeanalyses,consequenceanalyses,andriskdescriptions.Theresultsarethenevaluated.Thetotalityoftheanalysesandtheevaluationsarereferredtoasriskassessments.Riskassessmentisfollowedbyrisktreatment,whichisaprocessinvolvingthedevelopmentandi
8、mplementationofmeasurestomodifytherisk,includingmeasuresdesignedtoavoid,reduce(“optimize”),transfer,orretaintherisk.Risktransfermeanssharingwithanotherpartythebenefitorlossassociatedwitharisk.Itistypicallyaffectedthroughinsurance.Riskmanagementcoversallcoordinatedactivitiesinthedirectionandcontrolof
9、anorganizationwithregardtorisk.Inmanyenterprises,theriskmanagementtasksaredividedintothreemaincategories:strategicrisk,financialrisk,andoperationalrisk.Strategicriskincludesaspectsandfactorsthatareimportantfortheenterpriseslong-termstrategyandplans,foreGamplemergersandacquisitions,technology,competi
10、tion,politicalconditions,legislationandregulations,andlabormarket.Financialriskincludestheenterprisesfinancialsituation,andincludes:Marketrisk,associatedwiththecostsofgoodsandservices,foreigneGchangeratesandsecurities(shares,bonds,etc.).Creditrisk,associatedwithadebtorsfailuretomeetitsobligationsina
11、ccordancewithagreedterms.Liquidityrisk,reflectinglackofaccesstocash;thedifficultyofsellinganassetinatimelymanner.Operationalriskisrelatedtoconditionsaffectingthenormaloperatingsituation:Accidentalevents,includingfailuresanddefects,qualitydeviations,naturaldisasters.Intendedacts;sabotage,disgruntlede
12、mployees,etc.Lossofcompetence,keypersonnel.Legalcircumstances,associatedforinstance,withdefectivecontractsandliabilityinsurance.Foranenterprisetobecomesuccessfulinitsimplementationofriskmanagement,topmanagementneedstobeinvolved,andactivitiesmustbeputintoeffectonmanylevels.Someimportantpointstoensure
13、successare:theestablishmentofastrategyforriskmanagement,i.e.,theprinciplesofhowtheenterprisedefinesandimplementsriskmanagement.Shouldonesimplyfollowtheregulatoryrequirements(minimalrequirements),orshouldonebethe“bestintheclass”?Theestablishmentofariskmanagementprocessfortheenterprise,i.e.formalproce
14、ssesandroutinesthattheenterpriseistofollow.Theestablishmentofmanagementstructures,withrolesandresponsibilities,suchthattheriskanalysisprocessbecomesintegratedintotheorganization.Theimplementationofanalysesandsupportsystems,suchasriskanalysistools,recordingsystemsforoccurrencesofvarioustypesofevents,
15、etc.Thecommunication,training,anddevelopmentofariskmanagementculture,sothatthecompetence,understanding,andmotivationlevelwithintheorganizationisenhanced.Giventheabovefundamentalsofriskmanagement,theneGtstepistodevelopprinciplesandamethodologythatcanbeusedinpracticaldecision-making.Thisisnot,however,
16、straightforward.Thereareanumberofchallengesandhereweaddresssomeofthese:establishinganinformativeriskpictureforthevariousdecisionalternatives,usingthisriskpictureinadecision-makingconteGt.Establishinganinformativeriskpicturemeansidentifyingappropriateriskindicesandassessmentsofuncertainties.UsingtheriskpictureinadecisionmakingconteGtmeansthedefinitionandapplicationofriskacceptancecriteria,costbenefitanalysesandtheALARPprinciple,whichstatesthatriskshouldbereducedtoalevelwh
