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1、Relative/Attributive Clause P379-389,Han Guojun 135 6909 0642 ,Objectives,Students will be able to evaluate themselves via homework. Students will be able to learn relative clauses.,Check Homework,27E (P320) 28B (P329),Relative Clause,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般跟在它
2、所修饰的先行词后面,关系词,引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。 关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，绝对没有what； 关系副词有where, when, why等。,先行词 被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。,关系代词引导的限定性定语从句,who指人在从句中做主语 (1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的. (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天，我帮
3、助了一个迷路的老人.,whom指人 在定语从句中充当宾语，常省略。（注：who和whom已无太大区别，基本可以通用。区别是who可以做主语而whom不可以，whom前可以加介词如to whom，但是who不可以） (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked with on the bus. 刘先生就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人. (2) Mr. Ling is just the boy(whom)I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩. (3) The man who/whom you met just now is my fr
4、iend. 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 他就是那个和我聊天的男人. 如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book. 他就是那个有英语书的男人.,whose通常指人也可指物 在定语从句中做定语。 He has a friend whose father is a doctor. I once lived in a house whos
5、e roof has fallen in. whose指物时通常以以下结构来代替 The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. Do you like the book whose color is yellow? Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?,which指物 在定语从句中做主语，表语，定语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 Foot
6、ball is a game which is liked by most boys. This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.,that指人时 相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。 在定语从句中做主语,表语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?,*代表物时多用which，但在下列
7、情况中用that而不用which： a)先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时； b)先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时，这时的that常被省略； c)先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时；,d)先行词中既有人又有物时； These are the facilities and students that are most wanted by the visiting professors. e)整个句中前面已有which，who时； Which is the book
8、 that you borrowed two weeks ago? Who is the man that called you last night? f)当先行词为物并作表语时； Its no longer the country that it used to be. g)先行词为one时； h)先行词同时又被the only,the very,the same修饰时；,关系副词引导的定语从句,when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用 I still remember the day when I first came to the school. The time when
9、 we got together finally came.,where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语 Shanghai is the city where I was born. The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.,why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+
10、关系代词”引导的从句替换 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.,注意事项,1. when引导定语从句表示时间 注值得一提的是，表示时间“time“一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。 By the time you arrived in Londo
11、n, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到你到达伦敦的时候，我们在那里已经待了两个星期。 I still remember the first time I met her. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她。 Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。 每一次他去出差，他带来了生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙刷等，很多。,2. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebod
12、y, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导 There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。,非限制性定语从句,1. which引导的非限定性定语从句作用是说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2.当先行词是专有名词、物主代词或指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去
13、年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。,3.非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住
14、我的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 4. 有时as也可用作关系代词 As you may know, I am a married man now. 5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which, whose代表事物，如果需要用why，可用for which代替.；,限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的比较,The elderly lady has two sons who work in N
15、anjing. The elderly lady has two sons, who work in Nanjing. 有何不同？,介词和关系代词,1）介词后面的关系代词不能省略。 2）that前不能有介词。 3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词“结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you jo
16、ined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club? This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which he came late.,介词+关系代词引导的定语从句,关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时 从句常由介词+关系代词引导 当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能用which/whom即“介词+which/whom“且不能省略。但当介词位于末尾时可用that/which/who/whom.作介词的宾语，且可以省略。例如： (1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. “that/which“可省略 = The school in which he once studied is very famous. which不省略 (2) Tomorrow I
