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1、摆渡论文网（）-专业留学生作业辅导中心美国paper写作-黑天鹅唱片和派拉蒙唱片Black Swan Records was a first major black-owned record company founded in 1921, and it only lasted for 5 years. During its short existence, “it revealed the possibilities and limitations of realizing social and political change through music and markets (Suis
2、man, 206).” Even though it had a short history, it played an important part in showing the relations between music industry and society at large, and it made significant attempt for African Americans to improve their social status and seek economic independence. In 1924, Black Swag Records fell down
3、 in the intense market competition, and it was forced to sell its label to Paramount Records, another record label known for its recordings created by African Americans artists. There are many similarities and differences between the two records labels, and the paper seeks to make a comparison betwe
4、en the two labels in terms of business practices, treatment of African American artists and efforts to appeal to record buyers.黑天鹅唱片公司是1921年成立的第一家主要的黑人唱片公司，它只持续了5年。在它短暂的存在期间，“它揭示了通过音乐和市场实现社会和政治变革的可能性和局限性（Suisman，206）。”尽管它有着短暂的历史，但它在展示音乐产业与整个社会的关系方面发挥了重要的作用，以及它为非洲裔美国人提高社会地位和寻求经济独立作出了重大努力。1924年，黑纱唱片在激
5、烈的市场竞争中下跌，并被迫将其标签卖给派拉蒙唱片公司，派拉蒙唱片公司是另一家以非裔美国艺术家创作的唱片而闻名的唱片公司。这两种唱片标签有许多相似之处和不同之处，本文试图从商业实践、非裔美籍艺术家的待遇以及吸引唱片买家的努力等方面对这两种标签进行比较。In the first place, both Black Swan Records and Paramount Records aimed at “race music”, but they had different business practices. In business practices, Black Swan Records a
6、nd Paramount Records paid their attention to black artists and both of them solidified their reputation as “race label”. However, there were obvious differences between the two companies at the same time. On one hand, Black Swan Records was established to produce a broad range of music by and for Af
7、rican Americans, while Paramount Records began with furniture and took advantage of “race music” to make money. At the end of 1910s, the heightened sense of entitlement as well as the bloody race riots of 1919 promoted the political assertiveness of African Americans in many forms (Suisman 207), It
8、was in this environment that Black Swan Records was established and the creator of Black Swan Records expected to effect real change in the condition of African Americans in the United States (Suisman 208). In the meantime, Paramount Records had different background of foundation and goals. Paramoun
9、t Records The creator of Paramount Records was firstly running a chair manufacturing company in Sheboygan (Filzen 106). Nevertheless, the creator of Paramount Records not only manufactured chairs, but also produced phonograph cabinets and phonograph records. With time went on, the company turned its
10、 attention towards phonograph players and eventually to phonograph records themselves (Filzen 107; Lovell). Moreover, the reason why Paramount Records marched blues in order to solve its problem of lack of reputation or capital in attracting top artists and stimulating a network of retailers (Filzen
11、 107). In this way, the establishment of Black Swan Records had its political appeal and ethnical claims, while Paramount Records used “race music” to achieve pure business success. On the other hand, Black Swan Records tried to issue all kinds or records not just blues while Paramount Records focus
12、ed on blues. As mentioned above, Black Swan Records sought to challenge white peoples opinion on African Americans capabilities and attributes as well as uplift and empower African Americans in the guise of musical entertainment, consequently, in addition to blues, comic and ragtime records, Black S
13、wan Records also issued classic music, spirituals and opera, for the sake of overturning the views of white people towards African Americans (Suisman 208). In the meanwhile, Paramount Records focused on blues since it was a new musical genre and it could make money by attracting black audience (Filz
14、en 111). In addition, the creators of Black Swan Records had rich knowledge in musical industry. For instance, W.C. Handy called himself as “father of the blues”, in the meantime, the creators of Paramount Records knew nothing about the recording industry (Suisman 212; Filzen 112). Besides, even tho
15、ugh blues and other African American music mainly represented work-class African American life, Black Swan Records sought to present “respectable” middle-class values, which led to serious class conflict inner the company (Suisman 223). Different from Black Swan Records, Paramount Records did not pa
16、y attention to middle-class values.首先，黑天鹅唱片和派拉蒙唱片都以“种族音乐”为目标，但它们有不同的商业实践。在商业实践中，黑天鹅唱片公司和派拉蒙唱片公司都把注意力放在了黑人艺术家身上，并巩固了他们作为“种族标签”的声誉。但两家公司在同一时间存在明显差异。一方面，黑天鹅唱片公司的成立是为了为非裔美国人制作广泛的音乐，而派拉蒙唱片公司则从家具开始，利用“种族音乐”赚钱。1910年代末，权利意识的增强以及1919年的血腥种族暴动促进了非裔美国人在多种形式上的政治自信（Suisman 207），正是在这种环境下，黑天鹅记录才得以建立，黑天鹅记录的创造者也期待着真正改变美国非裔美国人的状况（Suisman 208）。同时，派拉蒙唱片有着不同的背景和目标。派拉蒙唱片公司派拉蒙唱片公司的创建者，最初在Sheboygan（Filzen 106）经营一家椅子制造公司。然而，派拉蒙唱片公司的创造者不仅制造了椅子，还生产了留声机柜和留声机唱片。随着时间的推移，公司将注意力转向留声机播放器，最终转向留声机记
