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1、1,Iliad & Odyssey,2,Outline,Homer in Ancient Greece Themes and Persons Illiad Odyssey Closing Thoughts,3,Homer in Ancient Greece,Earliest Greek Literature Written c. 750 BCE from oral trad. (c. 1200 BCE) Recited by Rhapsodes Epic = dactylic hexameter or long poem on war/myth Cultural Importance for
2、Greeks Taken as History Hellenic Unity Educational Texts,4,Some Themes,Glories of War/Adventure Reasons for War Realistic Descriptions Ideals of Heroism Aret, tim, and kleos Fate & Courage “shame culture” Others Gods & Humans Individual vs. Society Word vs. Deed,5,Greece and Trojan War,6,Aret Excell
3、ence, virtue, or what makes and individual the best or among the best; usually some combination of physical prowess & persuasive speech or command. Tim Honor, material symbol of status among others, usually capable of being taken away (prize, booty, trophies). Kleos Glory or Fame, understood as publ
4、ic opinion, or what others say or remember.,7,Persons in the Iliad,Acheans Achilles & Patrocles Agamemnon & Menalaos Odysseus, Ajax, Phoenix,Trojans Hector & Alexandros Priam, Helen, Andromache Gods Zeus, Apollo, Aphrodite Athena, Hera, Thetis,8,Iliad (Book I),Wrath of Achilles, Part I In medias res
5、: Trojan War & Plague of Apollo Menis: Quarrel with Agamemnon Consequences Thetis Supplication of Zeus Glimpse of Olympus Is Achilles anger his own fault?,9,Thetis supplicant to Zeus,10,Iliad (Book VI),Behind the Walls of Troy Hector as Tragic Hero Women and Family Life Fate Troy & Hector Trojan Wom
6、en Is Hector a sympathetic hero? Why or why not?,11,Iliad (Book IX),Embassy to Achilles Discourse among equals? Odysseus plea Phoenixs plea Ajaxs parting words Is Achilles being unreasonable? Why or why not?,12,Death and Heroism,The prospect of death drives the heroes to pursue tim (honor). The hero
7、 is defined by his(her) action in the face of mortality, especially in combat or contests. And resulting kleos (glory) is the heros only immortality.,13,Sarpedon declares to Glaukos (Book XII.322-28),“Man, supposing you and I, escaping this battle, would be able to live on forever, ageless, immortal
8、, so neither would I myself go on fighting in the foremost nor would I urge you into the fighting where men win glory. But now, seeing that the spirits of death stand close about us in their thousands, no man can turn aside nor escape them, let us go on and win glory for ourselves, or yield it to ot
9、hers.”,14,Iliad (Book XXI),Wrath of Achilles, Part II Death of Patrocles and Achilles Armor Death of Lycaon: a ruthless death Death of Hector: revenge Is Achilles anger inhuman?,15,Hector at the Gates of Troy,Achilles was coming closer, like Enyalius, the warrior god of battle with the shining helme
10、t. On his right shoulder he waved his dreadful spear made of Pelian ash. The bronze around him glittered like a blazing fire or rising sun. At that moment, as he watched, Hector began to shake in fear. His courage gone, he could no longer stand there. Terrified, he started running, leaving the gate.
11、 Peleus son went after him, sure of his speed on foot. Just as a mountain falcon, the fastest creature of all the ones which fly, swoops down easily on a trembling pigeon as it darts off in fear, the hawk speeding after it with piercing cries, heart driving it to seize the prey in just that way Achi
12、lles in his fury raced ahead,16,Hector faces Achilles,When theyd approached each other, at close quarters, great Hector of the shining helmet spoke out first:“Ill no longer try to run away from you, son of Peleus, as I did before, going three times in flight around Priams great city. I lacked the co
13、urage then to fight with you, as you attacked. But my heart prompts me now to stand against you face to face once more, whether I kill you, or you kill me. So come here. Lets call on gods to witness, for theyre the best ones to observe our pact, to supervise what we two agree on. If Zeus grants me t
14、he strength to take your life, Ill not abuse your corpse in any way. Ill strip your celebrated armour off, Achilles, then give the body back again to the Achaeans. And youll do the same.“,Swift-footed Achilles, with a scowl, replied: “Hector, dont talk to me of our agreements. Thats idiotic, like a
15、faithful promise between men and lions. Wolves and lambs dont share a common heart they always sense a mutual hatred for each other. In just that way, its not possible for us, for you and me, to be friends, or, indeed, for there to be sworn oaths between us, till one or other of us falls, glutting A
16、res, warrior with the bulls hide shield, on blood. Youd best remember all your fighting skills. Now you must declare yourself a spearman, a fearless warrior. Youve got no escape. Soon Pallas Athena will destroy you on my spear. Right now youll pay me back, the full price of those sorrows I went through when you slaughtered my companions.” With these words, he hefted his long-shadowed spear, then hurled it.,17,Achilles abuses Hectors body,Then on noble Hectors c
