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1、浅析英文文献阅读方法,英文文献的特点,研究内容具有前瞻性 研究方法具有严谨性 多学科交叉水平高,阅读英文文献的基本要求,词汇 post-secondary primary education elementary education Secondary education (middle school junior senior high school) Post-secondary education higher education 语法(S+V+O) 背景知识,阅读英文文献的基本方法（十问）,阅读英文文献的结构,标题 摘要、关键字 引言 分析与讨论 结语（结论） 参考文献,阅读英文文献的
2、方法 通过标题把握文章主题及研究方向,Transnational Higher Education in China: towards a critical culturalist research agenda Building a student loan scheme in China： Five lessons from the US student loan system Organizational Culture in Higher Education：Defining the Essentials,阅读英文文献的方法 通过摘要获取文章大意,The US is well know
3、n for its reliance on having many of its students paying for most or sometimes the full costs of enrollment in higher education institutions, both public and private. The complexity of this student contribution scheme is often lost on foreign observers, many who focus on seemingly insurmountably hig
4、h student debt levels. However, there are potential lessons regarding how the US has approached student financial aid over time. In the US, the student loan market of $460 billion and a student loan history stretching over decades is accompanied by expertise in lending facilities to help students pa
5、y for the costs of their degrees. As in any policy, this expertise was often accumulated through “trial and error,” and shaped by an American cultural generally more accepting of personal debt than in other parts of the world. A timely picture of the US student loan scheme is beneficial to China as
6、it is expanding its student loan scheme. The US moved from largely a low tuition and student grant scheme prevalent in the 1960s, to a largely government and private sector loan program by the 1980s. How has this system worked? What policy advents and experiments might help in form policymaking in t
7、he area of financial aid? This paper does not aim to promote perfunctory policy emulation. Although recent legislative changes have brought necessary simplifications, the opacity of the US student loan scheme still makes it difficult for students to choose the most cost efficient way to invest in th
8、eir education. Instead, this paper presents five key lessons from the US student loan system to inform the design of a generic student loan system. Building a student loan scheme in China： Five lessons from the US student loan system,阅读英文文献的方法 通过引言获取文章大意,With China being now the largest source count
9、ry for internationaly mobile students, transnational higher education is also phenomenal on the Chinese soil. By April 2011, there are 579 licensed(by the Ministry of Education) TNHE programs or institutions at bachelors degree level or above in China, operated jointly between Chinese universities a
10、nd their foreign partners (MOE, 15 April 2011). There could be even more at sub-degree level, which are subject to approval by local education authorities and become hard to trace down. They come inevitably with many concomitant issues and challenges, which, in turn, have stirred an increasing resea
11、rch interest. The research so far, however, focuses on aspects of policies or policy changes of Chinese government and operational issues at the institutional level. There are few attempts to question or challenge why these transnational higher education activities are happening on Chinese soil., wh
12、ether they bring in what is needed by Chinese society and higher education, and how they may contribute to the progress of Chinese system. Put in another way, the current research seems to have proclaimed the doominant TNHE patterns and practices are fine and thus the focus should be placed on their
13、 improvements. This paper attempts to fill out this gap by suggesting a critical culturalist research agenda on transnational higher education in China, and cite such perspectives as neo-liberalism, post-colonialism and the culturalist approach as potential theoretical tools that underpin such arese
14、arch agenda. Transnational Higher Education in China: towards a critical culturalist research agenda,摘要与引言阅读技巧,掌握摘要与引言的特点（精炼、概括性） 把握摘要与引言部分的逻辑结构 着重阅读摘要和引言部分的总结性话语,阅读英文文献的方法 分析与研究正文部分解读作者观点,英文文献正文部分分析与讨论的特点： 框架清晰明了，逻辑结构严谨 各个部分相对而言较为独立 各个部分基本采用“总分”的论述结构 数据及例证翔实 研究方法严谨,Transnational Higher Education in
15、 China: towards a critical culturalist research agenda,Introduction The Context, Characteristics and Trends of TNHE in China The Paradoxes Arising from Proliferation of TNHE Establishments in China The Arising Conflict of Interests behind the Scene Towards a Critical Culturalist Research Agenda Conc
16、luding Thoughts,正文分析与研究部分阅读技巧,通过每一部分的小标题掌握该部分的主旨大意 快速浏览把握分析讨论的数据和例证 针对质量较高的文献作具体分析 掌握“分合”的分析方法,阅读英文文献的方法 通过阅读结尾部分明确作者观点与获取研究信息,英文文献结尾特征： 高度概括和总结文章主旨大意，重申作者观点 提出对研究对象的进一步思考,Building a student loan scheme in China： Five lessons from the US student loan system,Conclusion The 2010 federal legislation led to major changes in the US. It ended the role of private lenders as intermediaries. But student loan sources r
