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1、第六章 法律英语情态动词的翻译教学目标：掌握常用情态动词在法律英语文本中的译法。课堂讲练：概述法律英语中使用频率最高的情态动词有“SHALL”、“MAY”与“MUST”三个。一、“SHALL”在法律英语中的译法上述三个最常用的情态动词中，最常用也最难翻译的是“SHALL”，其意义多种多样，如：1）、第一人称连用，表示“预期与决心”(1) According to the public opinion poll, I shall win this election.(2) I shall return,2）、与第二人称连用，表示义务，有非常强烈的修辞意味 (3) You shall not ki
2、ll.3）、表示义务、职责的意义(4) You shall do exactly as the doctor says.法律英语当中，“SHALL”的使用范围从第一人称传递到第二、三人称甚至无生命的事务上，比如：The company shall enjoy the right to the entire property of the legal person formed by the investments of the shareholders and shall possesses civil rights and bear the civil liabilities in acco
3、rdance with the law. 除了表示义务、职责的含义外，还吸取了“SHALL”在圣经中的神圣色彩，使法律规定和其他法律文本具有崇高庄严的意味。但在翻译成中文时，至今没有定译。1、 现有翻译方法1）、翻译成“应”、“应当”例1、（1）、Incorporation, alteration and termination of a limited liability company and a joint stock limited company shall complete the company registration procedures in accordance with
4、 the provisions of these Regulations.（根据本法相关规定，有限责任公司和股份有限公司的设立、变更及终止应完善公司注册手续。）（2）、The seller shall deliver the goods in accordance with the contracted quality requirements.卖方应依据合同约定货物质量交付货物。（3）、Where the Dealer (Borrower) has not fulfilled the obligations under Art.2 hereof, the Seller shall refun
5、d the Payment for the repossessed Goods directly to the Lender.2）、翻译成“须”、“必须”例2、（1）、The date of the Bill of Lading shall be accepted as a conclusive evidence of the date of shipment.（2）、Tenant shall pay for all utilities and /or services supplied to the premises.3）、翻译成“将”例3、(1)、Where the Buyer fails
6、 to notify full details of the aforesaid defected goods within the specific period, the Buyer shall be deemed to have waived his right to file any claim.（2）、In the case that the Buyers such appointment does not arrive in time, the Sellers inspection shall be final and binding upon the parties concer
7、ned.4）、翻译成“可”例4、Quantity shall be subject to a variation of 5% plus or minus at the Sellers option.5）不译例5、（1）、The parties shall, pursuant to law, have the right to enter into a contract on their own free will ,and no unit or person may unlawfully interfere.（2）、All people shall be equal before the la
8、w.对现有翻译方法的设问：在法律翻译实践当中，对“SHALL”的翻译多种多样，可能缘于中文当中与之含义近似的词汇丰富，但如此多的译名都是对“SHALL”的准确汉译吗？2、“SHALL”在法律英语中应有的意义在法律英语当中，“SHALL”的意义仍然有三个，即表示义务或职责、表示修辞（即“SHALL“没有实际含义，仅仅表示神圣、庄严的法律色彩）、表示将来时。1）、表示义务（或职责）含义时的翻译表示该含义时，“SHALL“与”MUST”在起草或翻译法律文本时存在相似处，都有要求他方做或不做某行为的强制意味，在法律法规类法律文本中，被称为义务性规范。根据实践当中权威译文的用词规律，可以认为，表强制意味
9、由强到弱，依次为“必须“、”应当“、”须“、”应“。将”SHALL“翻译成“必须“应能成立，但在实践中，更多场合下是用“MUST”来对应“必须“。例6、（1）、In consideration of the loan available under this Agreement, you must undertake that such representations and warranties as follows are true at the date thereof and will remain true through the term hereof.（2）、-,any enti
10、ty or individual exploiting the patent of another must conclude a written licensing contract with the patentee and pay the patentee a fee for the exploitation of its or his patent.（3）、-The entity holding the patent right on a job-related invention-creation shall reward this inventor or designer.综上，有
11、鉴于目前法律翻译实践与权威法律文本对“MUST“、“SHALL”的翻译，应由“MUST“表示“必须”，表示语气最强的强制，而“SHALL”则表示一般性强制，翻译为“须、应当、应”。例7、（1）、Any transfer of rights by a creditor shall be notified to the debtor.（2）、In addition to the purchase price, Buyer shall pay Seller the amount of all government taxes, and other charges ，costs and expense
12、s that Seller may be required to pay or bear in respect of the production, sale or transportation of any goods hereunder .至于”SHALL“何种情况下翻译成”须“，何种情况下翻译成”应“，或”应当“，实践当中，凡正式程度很高的法律法规，尤其是国家一级的法律法规或命令，通常翻译为”应当“，在效力层次稍低的地方法规规章、普通协议、合同类法律文本中，多使用”须“、”应“，两者在强制性上也有不同，前者强于后者，译者可视需要选择。2）、表示修辞（即“SHALL“没有实际含义，仅仅表示
13、神圣、庄严的法律色彩） 设问：怎样判定“SHALL”表示一般的强制，还是无实际意义，表示修辞？ 例8、（1）、The parties shall, pursuant to law, have the right to enter into a contract on their own free will ,and no unit or person may unlawfully interfere.（2）、All people shall be equal before the law.小结：可见，判定“SHALL”表示一般的强制，还是无实际意义，表示修辞的方法，可以用“MUST”或者“BE
14、 REQUIRED TO”来替代“SHALL”，看看语义是否通顺，以确定“SHALL“的使用是否表示强制的义务或职责。或者反其道行之，将”SHALL“去掉，看看没有”SHALL“的情况下，句子是否意义不变。以该两种方法在上述例句中验证，可以知道“SHALL”仅仅表示修辞，不能翻译成“须“或”应当“等。所以，不能见到“SHALL”就不问青红皂白翻译成“应当”或“须”，当其仅仅含修辞意味时，应略去不译。具体而言，下列情况下，“SHALL” 含修辞意味，略去不译：（1）、在立法文件中，因法律效力通常恒定不变（CONSTANTLY SPEAKING），要求广大民众在较长时间较大地域内遵守，法律条文在表
15、达上，也就要求神圣、庄严，需要借助“SHALL”来表达。例9、The homes and other premises of PRC residents shall be inviolable.（2）、当“SHALL”之后所跟的动词本身就能表达权利、义务，或者为“SHALL加上表达权利、义务词汇的系表结构“时。例10、（1）、If Buyer fails to provide such L/C in Sellers favor as prescribed above, Seller shall have the option of reselling the contracted goods
16、to be delivered to Buyer or delaying any shipment or canceling any orders at any time on the Buyers account and risk.（2）、The manager shall be responsible to the board of directors and shall exercise the following functions and powers:-（3）、Party A shall, as the pledgee of the Goods hereunder, have the right to repossess the said Goods in the manner as Party A deem appr
