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1、语法复习： 一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语（subject）和谓语（predicate）；次要成分有表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)、补足语（complement）和同位语（appositive）；句子的成分由实词担任。实词有名词n,代词pron,形容词adj,副词adv, 数词num,动词v,;虚词有冠词art, 介词prep, 连词conj, 助动词helping v.等，虚词在句中只起辅助和联系作用，不能单独做句子成分。（二）主语：主
2、语是一个句子所叙述的主体，表示所谈的是“谁”或“什么”，一般位于句首，即在谓语之前。可充当主语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）Ten is a very important number. (数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式to do）Smoking does harm
3、 to the health.（动名词doing） His being late made her very angry.(带有逻辑主语的动名词doing)The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式to do） Its not your fault that this has happened
4、. （it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的that从句）但在there be结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于谓语/助动词/情态动词后面。（三）谓语：谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”“怎么样”，或说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语通常由动词充当，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 动词分为实义动词，连系动词，情态动词，助动词四类其中，1.实义动词包括及物动词vt.(后要带宾语) 和不及物动词vi. 2.连系动词包括：系动词be；感官动词look/ sound/smell/feel/taste；表示“保持，持续”keep, remain, stay, continue，表示变化：go, ge
5、t, grow, become, fall, turn；表示“好像”：seem, appear. 3.情态动词不能单独做谓语，常和其他动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词有can/could, may/might, must, have to, shall/should, will/would, ought to, dare, need, used to. 如：I must go. We must work very hard at English. He will drive to Beijing tomorrow.4.助动词不能单独做谓语，常和其他动词一起构成谓语。 如：I dont like
6、reading. Do you like reading.? He doesnt like music. Does he get up early?We didnt see him. Did you go there？ She is writing a letter now. Is he singing? They are dancing now. Are you waiting for me? I havent finished it yet. Have you seen the film? She had gone there before you left. Had he sent yo
7、u the email before you told me?综上句子，助动词do/does/did 帮助构成否定式和疑问句； 助动词is/am/are/was/were 帮助构成进行时态和疑问句; 助动词have/has/had 帮助构成完成时态和疑问句另：谓语有时态，语态，语气，人称的变化。 时态 主动语态 被动语态1.一般现在时：(1) be (am/is/are)；(2) 动词原形/动词的三单形式+s/es， am/is/arep.p2.一般过去时: (1) be (was/were,) (2) 动词的过去式-ed) was/werep.p.3.现在进行时:(amisare +动词的现
8、在分词doing) am/is/are +being +p.p.4.过去进行时: waswere +动词的现在分词doing) was/were +beingp.p.5.一般将来时:(1) amisare going to +动词原形) is/am/are going to be +p.p.(2) will shall +动词原形) will/shall bep.p.6.过去将来时: (1) waswere going to +动词原形） was/were going to be+p.p(2) wouldshould+动词原形) would bep.p7.现在完成时: (hashave +动词
9、的过去分词p.p) have/has beenp.p.8.过去完成时: ( had +动词的过去分词p.p) had beenp.p.9.含情态动词的句子:(canmaymust+动词原形） 情态动词+be +p.p（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, go，get, grow, fall, turn, seem, appear, keep, remain, look/ sound/smell/feel/sound,等）之后。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（
10、代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语：宾语表示动
11、作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词vt.和介词后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening
12、 to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office. （宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. Lend your dictionary to me, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词vt，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make+宾语+宾补）。
13、宾补可由以下词来充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
14、（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： 单个词做定语放在被修饰词前面（前置定语）；短语做定语放在被修饰词后面（后置定语）；Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）We have four lessons in the morning. (数词)There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） We should follow the teachers advice.?(名词所有格) His progress in English made us surprised.（代词） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）Dont wake up the sleeping baby. (现在分词) China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（现在分词/过去分词） The man to give us the speech is a professor. (动词不定式)The man upstairs came back late. Who is the man ove
