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1、Unit 1 Financial information about a business is needed by many outsiders .These outsiders include owners, bankers, other creditors, potential investors, labor unions, government agencies ,and the public ,because all these groups have supplied money to the business or have some other interest in the
2、 business that will be served by information about its financial position and operating results.许多企业外部的人士需要有关企业的财务信息，这些外部人员包括所有者、银行家、其他债权人、潜在投资者、工会、政府机构和公众，因为这些群体对企业投入了资金，或享有某些利益，所以必须得到企业财务状况和经营成果信息。Unit 2 Each proprietorship, partnership, and corporation is a separate entity.每一独资企业、合伙企业和股份公司都是一个单独的
3、主体。In accrual accounting, the impact of events on assets and equities is recognized on the accounting records in the time periods when services are rendered or utilized instead of when cash is received or disbursed. That is revenue is recognized as it is earned, and expenses are recognized as they a
4、re incurred not when cash changes hands .if the cash basis accounting were used instead of the accrual basis, revenue and expense recognition would depend solely on the timing of various cash receipts and disbursements.在权责发生制下， 视服务的提供而非现金的收付在本期对资产和权益的影响作出会计记录。即，收入是在赚取时确认，费用是在发生时确认而不是在现金转手时。如果现金收付制替代
5、权责发生制，那么收入和费用仅仅依靠各种现金收付活动的时间确定来确认。Unit 3 During each accounting year ,a sequence of accounting procedures called the accounting cycle is completed.在每一会计年度内，要依次完成被称为会计循环的会计程序。Transactions are analyzed on the basis of the business documents known as source documents and are recorded in either the gene
6、ral journal or the special journal, i. e . the sales journal ,the purchases journal (invoice register ) ,cash receipts journal and cash disbursements journal .根据业务凭证即原始凭证分析各项交易，并记入普通日记账或特种日记账，也就是销货日记账，购货日记账（发票登记簿），现金收入日记账和现金支出日记账。A trial balance is prepared from the account balance in the ledger to
7、prove the equality of debits and credits.根据分类账户的余额编制试算平衡表，借以验证借项和贷项是否相等。A T-account has a left-hand side and a right-hand side, called respectively the debit side and credit side.一个T 型账户有左方和右方，分别称做借方和贷方。After transactions are entered ,account balance (the difference between the sum of its debits and
8、 the sum of its credits ) can be computed.当各项交易入账之后，便可计算账户余额（其借项合计数与贷项合计数之间的差额）The process of transferring amounts entered in the journal to the proper ledger amounts is called posting, the objective of which is to classify the effects of transactions on each individual asset , liability , owners eq
9、uity , revenue , and expense account .将日记账记录的金额转入恰当的分类账户的过程叫做过账。其目的在于把每笔交易对资产、负债、业主权益、收入和费用的个别账户的影响进行归类。 Unit 4 The basic principle of double-entry bookkeeping is that every transaction has a twofold effect .复式记账的基本原理是每一项交易活动都有双重的结果。The financial condition or position of a business enterprise is rep
10、resented by the relationship of assets to liabilities and capital.一个企业的财务状况是由资产对负债和资本的关系来表示的。By convention, asset and expense increases are recorded as debits while liability , capital and income increases are recorded as credits.根据惯例，资产和费用的增加被记为借项，而负债，资本和收入增加被记为贷项。Unit 5 The simplest form of the ac
11、count is known as the T-account because it resembles the letter T. the accountant, as a matter of convenience, refers to the group of company account as the ledger.账户最简单的形式称为丁字账户，因为它类似大写字母T。会计人员为了方便将公司账户集中作为分类账。Unit 6 The financial statements are the means of conveying to management and to intereste
12、d outsiders a concise picture of the profitability and financial position of the business. These are three basic financial statements which are reported the financial position of a business: balance sheet, income statement, the statement of cash flows. Balance sheet and income statement are prepared
13、 at a particular data, customarily to prepare them at the end of each month .财务报表是向管理人员和有关外界人士传送企业盈利能力和财务状况的简明情况的工具。报告一个企业财务状况的有三种基本财务报表：资产负债表，损益表和现金流量表。资产负债表和损益表是在特定日期编制的，习惯上在每个月末编制。Assets are economic resources which are owned by a business and are expected to benefit future operations.资产是一个企业 所拥有
14、的、并期望有益于未来经营的经营资源。The owners equity in a business represents the resources the invested by the owner; it is equal to the total assets minus the liabilities. The equity of the owner is a residual claim because the claims of the creditors legally come first. If you are the owner of a business, you are
15、 entitled to whatever remains after the claims of the creditors are fully satisfied.企业中的业主权益代表业主投资的资源；它等于总资产减去负债。因为债权人的求偿权在法律上优先，所以业主权益是一种剩余求偿权，如果你是企业的业主，在债权人的求偿权全部得到满足之后，剩下的都属于你。Unit 7 Income statement is a statement, sometimes called the profit and loss statement, reporting profitability or the op
16、erating result of a business for an accounting period (which can be one month, one quarter, one calendar year or one fiscal year as may be determined by the business concerned).收益表，有时也叫做收益损失表，是用来报告企业一定会计期间（可以是一个月、一季度、一自然年度或一财政年度，由企业自己决定）的盈利情况或经营成果的报表。Unit 8 The statement of cash flows reports the entitys cash receipts and cash payments during the period-whe
