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1、商务英语阅读,作者：李树红,责任编辑：张 琛 出版日期：2009年9月 IDPN：308-2009-159 课件章数：16,Unit 1 Economic Reform,Background Information Key to exercises,Economic Reform,What is economic reform?,Economic Reform is about improving an economys productivity capacity.,Economic system is the mechanism which brings together natural r
2、esources, the labor supply, technology, and the necessary entrepreneurial and managering talents. Anticipating and then meeting human needs through production and distribution of goods and services is the end of every economic system.,Economic Reform,The Economic Systems Ingredients:,First, the natu
3、ral resources from which goods are produced. Second, the amount of available labor helps dermine the health of an economy. A third factor is the quality of availbale labor.,A mixed Economy: The United States System,American economic system is often referred to as the “free enterprise system”, that i
4、s, “market economy”. Although the United States operated a system of private enterprise, government has to some sxtent always been involved in regulating and guiding the American economy. In this system, when economic forces are unfettered, supply and demand create the price of goods and services.,E
5、conomic Reform,Economic output:,- Goods - Serivices - Government and business,Consumers,The consumer exert a measure of influence over the market economy. Consumers look for good values when they buy, as well as for product reliability and safety.,Providers,Providers of goods and services include ow
6、ners, managers, and workers. Owners and managers make decisions on what and how to produce.,GNP,Gross National Product(GNP) measures the total output of goods and services. GNP is not an adequate measure of quality of life in a nation.,Economic Reform,Historical Perspectives on the American Economy:
7、,Industiral Growth,Economic Expansion and Enlarged Market.,Inventions and Resources Development.,The Rise of the Tycoon.,Government Involvement in the Economy.,Economic Reform,Economic Reform in China in the past 30 years:,the agricultural sector,the industrial sector,the control of the macroeconomy
8、,the open door policy,institutional infrastructure,encouraging the development of non-state sectors,The Fields Economic Reform Focuses on in China,Improve ownership structure and push reform on SOEs forward,Deepen reform in rural areas,Deepen system reform on finance, taxation, investment and price,
9、Deepen administrative system refrom,Build a modern market-driven system,Deepen the reforms on employment and income distribution system,Advance social system reform,Rebalancing the Economy of the U.S.A,Strong American export: an export surge,The U.S.Trade deficit dropped, and the causes are: The low
10、er oil pricesthe larges cause Strong American exportscontribted significantly Export surge would ward off recession and narrow todays large global trade imbanlances.,Rebalancing the Economy Of the U.S.A,Three threats cloud the outlook of American economy :,First, the real-estate bust:,Speculation he
11、lped fuel the boom- and now its paybacktime . Some economists see recession Falling home prices could weaken consumer confidence and spending.,Second, turmoil in auto industry:,Unpopular models, steep gas prices and high labor costs have forced huge cutbacks in some auto manufacturers. Vehicle sales
12、 decreases Manufacturing jobs have dropped,American has gorged on imports while other countries have become overly dependent on exports. These huge imbalances could destablize the world economy through a currency crisis or trade slump.,Finally, and most important, skewed trade:,Rebalancing the Econo
13、my of the U.S.A.,Soft landing nudging inflation down while avoiding a recession:,The real question is whether the world moves toward a sturdier pattern of ecnomic growth. The present pattern looks increasingly shaky,because it involves a perilous contradiction:,other countries like selling to Americ
14、a other countries may choke on the resulting flood tide of dollars,Rebalancing the Economy of the U.S.A.,The danger of todays Economic patterns:,Foreigners have reinvested most dollars in the United States,But if the preference for dollar investment susides, U.S. stock and bond market could weaken,T
15、he dollar might drop sharply against other currencies. The U.S. economy could suffer from a loss of wealth and confidence. Foreign economies could suffer from a loss of exports,Rebalancing the Economy of the U.S.A.,Todays trade patterns should change, and the reasons are:,Developing countries are gr
16、woing at about 5% annually.,They will buy more machinery, aircraft and adavanced instruments the heart of U.S. export,Growing middle classes. Developing countries will focus on their own consumers. Dependence on exports to the United States will decline.,Rebalancing the Economy Of the U.S.A.,The economy of next year is more iffy:,Japan and China still seem wedded to export-led growth,Europes domestic grwoth is accelerating.,In Germany, people were scared to death about unemplo
