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1、UNIT 3 Operating Systems,计算机专业英语,COMPETENCIES,After you have read this unit, you should be able to: Define operating systems. Describe the basic functions of operating systems. List the history of operating systems. Describe a particular operating system: Windows XP. Describe how does the operating
2、system manage?,Text A,Operating Systems,Concept Check,What are the two main functions of an operating system? Why we say the operating system work as an extended machine? Why we say the operating system work as a resource manager? In which kind of language does operating systems programming? How man
3、y kind of multiplexing (sharing) resources are there in resource management? What are they?,New Words and Phrases,pin n. 固定、钉住 pin sth. down 明确说明，此处当下定义讲 perform v. 做，执行，施行 mention v. 写到、说到、提到 architecture n. 建筑学,系统,大型组织 instruction n. 命令，指令 instruction set 计算机上的指令集合 organization n. 组织，结构，系统,New Wor
4、ds and Phrases,structure n. 结构,构造 primitive adj. 原始的,简陋的 awkward adj. 别扭的，不熟练的,笨拙的 intimate adj. 亲密的,详尽的 involved adj. 复杂的；有关联的 involved with 与有关联的 abstraction n. 除掉，提取 deal with 处理问题、任务等,New Words and Phrases,truth about 关于的真相 shield sb. from sth. 保护某人不受伤害 orient adj. 进行引导兴趣瞄准,趋向于 oriented 朝某方向的 fi
5、le-oriented interface 面向文件的接口 interrupts v.暂时中断 conceal v. 隐藏，掩盖，隐瞒 underlyine adj. 位于之下 equivalent adj. 相同的 virtual adj. 事实上的，实际上的,New Words and Phrases,to summarize it in a nutshell 用很少的言语（说明某事物），简而言之 providing sb. with 将提供给某人 top-down 从头至尾，完全 instead of 代替，而不是 taking turns 轮流做某事 convenient adj. 方
6、便的，合适的 execution n. 执行，完成 manufacturer n. 制造，产品,New Words and Phrases,sophistication n. 复杂性 associated with 和有关系 recovery n. 找回，复原 sequence n. 顺序 priority n. 居要位 respond v.回答，回应 assess v. 评价，评定 batch n. 一批,New Words and Phrases,overlap v. 重叠，交叠 resident n. 定居，居民 pool n. v. 水池，水塘 unavailable adj. 无法得
7、到，难以获得 deny v. 否定，阻止 coordinate v. 使协调，使相配合 facility n. 设备，辅助物 referred to 涉及，提到，有关 take advantage of 利用，使转为有利,Notes,1.As mentioned earlier, the architecture (instruction set, memory organization, I/O, and bus structure) of most computers at the machine language level is primitive and awkward to pro
8、gram, especially for input/output. 分析 句子的主体为：the architecture is primitive and awkward to program。at the machine language level用来修饰动词。 译文 正如前面所提到的那样，多数计算机系统（由指令系统、存储器管理、输入/输出和总线结构组成的）当使用机器语言级别的语言进行编程的时候是很原始的、难度也较大，尤其是针对输入输出系统编程。,Notes,2.It should be clear that the average programmer probably does no
9、t want to get too intimately involved with the programming of floppy disks (or hard disks, which are just as complex and quite different). 分析这是一个简单句，句子的主体为It should be clear。It 是整个句子的形式主语，真正的主语是由that引导的从句。从句中get用做是系动词，与involved构成被动语态。 译文很显然，一般的程序员可能都不愿意在编程时接触到与软盘关系密切的内容（或者是硬盘,与软盘同样复杂并且有很多不同）。,Notes,
10、3.Just as the operating system shields the programmer from the disk hardware and presents a simple file-oriented interface, it also conceals a lot of unpleasant business concerning interrupts, timers, memory management, and other low-level features. 分析由Just as引导从句，与主句形成一种对照，Just as做连词。shield sb. fro
11、m意为保护某人免受之苦。 译文 操作系统是程序员免于对磁盘硬件进行编程，取而代之的是提供了一些简单的面向文件的接口，同时它还避免了很多不方便的事务，比如说与中断、定时、存储器管理和其他低级属性的事务。,Notes,4.In this view, the function of the operating system is to present the user with the equivalent of an extended machine or virtual machine that is easier to program than the underlying hardware。
12、 分析句子的主体是：the function is to present the user with。that is easier to program than the underlying hardware做定语从句修饰machine。 译文从这个观点看来，操作系统的功能是为用户提供机器的延伸或者说一种虚拟机，他比在下面的硬件上更容易被编程。,Notes,5.The concept of the operating system as primarily providing its users with a convenient interface is a top-down view.
13、译文 操作系统主要是为给用户提供方便快捷的接口，以这种方式下定义比较宏观一些。,Notes,6.When a resource is time multiplexed, different programs or users take turns using it. First one of them gets to use the resource, then another, and so on. 分析 that 引导的定语从句，对resources进行修饰。 译文 当一个资源被按时间共享时，不同的程序或者用户按顺序去使用它。首先是一个用户占用资源，然后是另一个，以此类推。,Notes,7
14、. Determining how the resource is time multiplexed， who goes next and for how long is the task of the operating system. 分析整个句子的主体为：Determining is the task .这里动名词Determining被用做主语，how the resource is time multiplexed， who goes next and for how long是其所带的三个宾语从句，其中how long是省略结构。 译文 决定怎样使资源被分时复用，下一个该谁占用资源
15、和占用多长时间是操作系统的任务。,Notes,8.Assuming there is enough memory to hold multiple programs, it is more efficient to hold several programs in memory at once rather than give one of them all of it, especially if it only needs a small fraction of the total。 译文假定有足够的内存能容下多道程序，那么一次将几个程序同时放在内存中就比全部给一个程序更有效，特别是如果这
16、个程序只需要总的资源的很小一部分的时候。,Notes,9. Finally，spooling allowed the CPU to overlap the input of one job with the computation and output of other jobs 分析spooling来源于spool （Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On Line外部设备同时联机操作），称假脱机（操作）。 译文最后，假脱机技术允许CPU同时进行一项工作（关于计算的）的输入和另一项工作的输出。,Notes,10. To accomplish this，it establishes a table in which programs are matched against the devices they are using or will uses 分析这是一个复合句，“to accomplish this”是不定式作目的状语；“in which”
