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1、General descriptions of the relevant literature:A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies .There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of .The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with .The generalisability of much
2、 published research on this issue is problematic.What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how .During the past 30 years much more information has become available on .In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on .A large and growing body
3、of literature has investigated .General reference to previous research/scholarly activity (usually more than one author)Many historianshave argued that. (eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994)Numerous studies have attempted to explain . (for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002)Re
4、cent evidencesuggeststhat . (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001)Recently, in vitro studieshave shownthat T.thermophylus EFTu can . (Patel et al., 1997; Jones et al., 1998).Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988)have shown that.Several attemptshave been madeto . (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; J
5、ohnson, 2001)Several studieshave revealedthat it is not just X that acts on . (Smith, 1996; Jones .Several biographies of Harrishave been published. Smith presents an . account, whilst Jones .Several studies investigating Xhave been carried outon .Data from several sourceshave identifiedthe increase
6、d morbidity and mortality associated with obesityPrevious studieshave reported. (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1992).Previous research findings into Xhave beeninconsistent and contradictory(Smith, 1996; Jones 1999, .A number of studieshave foundthat . (Smith , 2003; Jones, 2004).Twenty cohort s
7、tudy analyses have examined the relationship between .At least 152 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between.Other studies have considered the relationship .The relationship between X and Yhas been widely investigated(Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987, .The causes of X have been w
8、idelyinvestigated(Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994).The geology of Xhas been addressedin several small-scale investigations and .Xshave been identified asmajor contributing factors for the decline of many species (1).Xhas also been shownto reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocortico
9、ids in murine-induced arthritis (11).It has been suggestedthat levels of X are independent of the size of the Y (Smith et al., 1995)Ithasconclusively been shown thatX and Y increase Z (Smith et al., 1999; Jones, 2001 .Ithas been demonstratedthat a high intake of X results in damage to . (Smith, 1998
10、; .Reference to current state of knowledgeA relationship exists between an individuals working memory and their ability to . (Jones et al.,1998).GM varieties of maize are able to cross-pollinate with non-GM varieties (Smith, 1998; Jones, 1999).There is an unambiguous relationship between spending on
11、 education and economic development (Rao, 1998).X is one of the most intense reactions following CHD (Lane, 2003).MIF has been found to oppose the anti-inflammatory actions of X on Y (Alourfi, 2004).Reference to single investigations in the past: researcher(s) as sentence subjectSmith (1999)foundtha
12、tas levels of literacy and education of the population rise .showedthat reducing X to 190oC decreased . (see figure 2) .demonstratedthat when the maximum temperature is exceeded .Jones et al. (2001)investigatedthe differential impact of formal and non-formal education on .analysedthe data from 72 co
13、untries and concluded that .reviewedthe literature from the period and found little evidence for this claim.interviewed250 undergraduate students using semi-structured questionnaires.studiedthe effects of Cytochrome P450 on unprotected nerve cells.performeda similar series of experiments in the 1960
14、s to show that .carried outa number of investigations into the .conducteda series of trialsin whichhe mixed X with different quantities of .measuredboth components of the .labelledthese subsets as .examinedthe flow of international students .identifiedparents of disabled children as .useda survey to
15、 assess the various.Wang et al. (2004)have recently developeda methodology for the selective introduction of .Reference to single investigations or publications in the past: time frame prominentIn 1975, Smith et al.publisheda paperin whichthey described .In 1990 Patel et al.demonstratedthat replacement of H2O with heavy water led to .Thirty years later, Smith (1974)reportedthree cases of Candida Albicans which .In the 1950s Gunnar Myrdal
