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1、Chapter 4 Conversion ( 转换）,英汉两种语言在语法，思维和表达习惯上差异，需要改变词语词类或句子成分，如名词化问题。 Tom is a lover of nature .,句子成分转换,所谓句子成分转换的译法，是把句子的某一成分（如主语）译成另一成分（如宾语等）。在多数的情况下，词类转译必然导致句子成分的转译。 表层结构（具体的外在形式） 深层结构（存在于人脑中的逻辑意念）,表层结构,表层结构,深层结构,深层结构,原文,译文,理解,表达,语义对应,4.1 词类转换,It is necessary to study and have a good mastery of th
2、ese laws. 必须研究和很好地掌握这些定律。 Increased accuracy usually requires improved measurement techniques or devices. 要提高精度，通常需要改进测量方法或改进量具。 The acceleration of gravity should decrease with increasing distance from the center of the earth. 重力加速度应随离地心距离的增加而降低。 Capacitance is the charge of a capacitor divided by
3、the voltage across it. 电容量等于电容器上的电荷除以其两端的电压。 The analysis can lead to increased conversion efficiency and reduced weight. 这种分析有助于提高效率及减轻重量。,4.1.1 Conversion into Chinese verbs,4.1.1.1 N-V A brief qualitative discussion of some basic concepts is presented in this paper. 本文简要定性地讨论了一些基本概念。 A familiarit
4、y with such reduction techniques is desirable for digital designers. 数字电路设计人员最好熟悉这种简化技巧。 Basic to understanding the binary number system is a familiarity with the powers of 2. 理解二进制数字系统的关键是要熟悉2的次幂。 Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes, which is marked by a rise in blood sugar as a result of
5、a short supply of insulin in the body. 胰岛素用于治疗糖尿病，这种病的特征是由于体内胰岛素分泌不足而引起血糖上升。 A reduction in condensation is achieved by the use of steam jackets. 使用蒸汽夹套可减少冷凝作用。 Reversing the direction of the current reverses the directions of its lines of force. 倒转电流的方向也就倒转了它的磁力线的方向。,4.1.1.2 prep - V,It is the net
6、force on object that causes acceleration. 正是作用在物体上的净力引起了加速度。 Machine parts of irregular shape can be washed very clean by ultrasonic. 采用超生波能把形状不规则的机件洗得干净。 As will be explained in Chapter 21, the body has natural defenses against these organisms. 正如第21章将要说明的那样，人体具有抵抗这些生物体的自然能力。 It is necessary to sol
7、ve this equation for x. 必须解这个方程求出X的值。 For many years, stainless steel had been used for small things only. 过去许多年中，不锈钢仅仅用于制造小物件。,4.1.1.3 adj - v,It is possible for us to reduce this equation. 我们能进一步简化这个式子。 Various handbooks are available to those who design machine elements. 各种不同手册可供设计机械零件的人员使用。 The
8、Wien Bridge is also useful as a frequency-selective network. 维恩电桥也可用作频率选择网络。 Sugar and salt are both soluble in water. 糖和盐二者都溶于水。 The design calculations will serve as an illustrative application of the theory of semi-conductor devices. 这些设计计算可用来说明半导体器件理论的应用。 An increase in the temperature of a gas
9、confined in a container will lead to higher internal pressure. 提高密闭容器内气体的温度会使气体的内压升高。 Explosions of the sunspots result in stronger ultraviolet radiation. 太阳黑子的爆炸增强了紫外线辐射。 The expert system generated both higher performance and simpler operation. 该专家系统既提高了性能，又简化了操作程序。,4.1.1.4 adv- v,Their experiment
10、 is over. 他们的实验结束了。 The signal can make transistor Q2off. 这个信号可使晶体管Q2截止。 Operational amplifiers have been around since the 1940s. 运算放大器在20世纪40年代就出现了。 In a gas the molecules are relatively far apart. 相对来说，气体分子相互离得很远。,4.1.2 Conversion into nouns,4.1.2.1 v-n This textbook is intended to introduce its r
11、eaders to modern techniques for designing systems. 本书的目的在于向读者介绍设计数字系统的现代技术。 Resistances in series behave as a single resistance whose value equals the sum of the component values. 串联起来的电阻的作用就相当于其阻值等于各电阻值之和的单个电阻的作用。 Tests showed that the cooling air must flow at a rate of at least 17m/s. 试验表明，冷却空气的流速
12、至少应为17m/s. We must understand what is meant by the slope of a function. 我们必须懂得函数斜率的含义（是什么）。,Telecommunications means so much in modern life that without it our modern life would be impossible. 电信在现代生活中意义十分重大，没有它就不可能有我们现在的生活。 The new liquid crystals feature wide working temperature range, low voltage
13、 operation and high reliability. 新型液晶的特点是工作温度范围宽，工作电压低，可靠性高。 The characteristics of these tuned lines are calculated in the same way as are the characteristics of transmission line. 这些调谐特性的计算方法，与传输线特性的计算方法相同。 It is known that neutrons act differently from protons. 大家知道，中子的作用不同于质子。,4.1.2.2 adj-n,He w
14、as knowledgeable on C language, Database and Multimedia. 他在C语言，数据库和多媒体方面有很渊博的知识。 At constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. 温度不变，气体压力与其体积成反比。 This workpiece is not more elastic than that one. 这个工件比不上那个工件更有弹性。 In fission processes the fission fragments are
15、 very radioactive. 在裂变过程中，裂变碎片具有强烈的放射性。 The steam turbine is less economical at cruising speed. 汽轮机巡航速度的经济性较差。 Television is different from radio in that it sends and receives a picture. 电视和无线电的区别在于电视发送和接受的是图像。 These materials need not be water-tight. 这些材料无需有防水性。,4.1.2.3 pron - n,A diode can be used
16、 as a rectifier because in it the current flows in one direction. 二极管可用作整流器，因为电流在二极管中只朝单方向流动。 Aluminum is used as the engineering material for planes and spaceships and it is both light and tough. 铝用作制造飞机和宇宙飞船的工程材料，因为铝质轻而韧性好。 If you are interested in science, statistics, or engineering, which are based on mathematics, you will need to be an expert in this field. 如果你有志于科学，统计学或工程学等以数学为基础的学科，那你在数学方面也应是一个专家。,A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed
