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1、Lecture 3,Behavioral Theories of Learning,Chapter 5 Main Contents,Part1.What is Learning? Part2.What behavioral learning theories have evolved？ Pavlov: Classical Conditioning Thorndike theories of Learning Skinner: Operant Conditioning Principles of behavioral Learning Part3 Bandura: Social Learning
2、 Theory Modeling and Observational Learning,Part 1 What is leaning,Case Study P137,Critical and Creative Thinking： What have students learnt in the class? Have they learnt the behaviors the teacher expected? Why didnt Ms Esteban accomplish her goal？ If you are Ms Esteban，what are you going to do？Why
3、？,Julia Esteban, first-grade teacher at Tanner Elementary School, was trying to teach her students appropriate classroom behavior. “Children,“ she said one day, “we are having a problem in this class that Id like to discuss with you. Whenever I ask a question, many of you shout out your answers inst
4、ead of raising your hand and waiting to be called on. Can anyone tell me what you should do when I ask the class a question?“ Rebeccas hand shot into the air. “I know, I know!“ she said. “Raise your hand and wait quietly!“ Ms. Esteban sighed to herself. She tried to ignore Rebecca, who was doing exa
5、ctly what she had just been told not to do, but Rebecca was the only student with her hand up, and the longer she delayed, the more frantically Rebecca waved her hand and shouted her answer. “All right, Rebecca. What are you supposed to do?“ “Were supposed to raise our hands and wait quietly for you
6、 to call on us.“ “If you know the role, why were you shouting out your answer before I called on you?“ “I guess I forgot.“ “All right. Can anyone remind the class of our rule about talking out of turn?“ Four children raised their hands and shouted together “One at a time!“ “Take turns!“ “Dont talk w
7、hen someone else is talking!“ Ms. Esteban called for order. “You kids are going to drive me crazy!“ she said. “Didnt we just talk about how to raise your hands and wait for me to call on you?“ “But Ms. Esteban,“ said Stephen without even raising his hand. “You called on Rebecca and she wasnt quiet!“
8、,Analysis：p138,Children are excellent learners. What they learn, however, may not always be what we intend to teach. Ms. Esteban is trying to teach students how to behave in class, but by paying attention to Rebeccas outburst, she is actually teaching them the opposite of what she intends. Rebecca c
9、raves (expects) her teachers attention, so being called on (even in an exasperated (angry) tone of voice) rewards her for calling out her answer. Not only does Ms. Estebans response increase the chances that Rebecca will call out answers again, but Rebecca now serves as a model for her classmates ow
10、n calling out. What Ms.Esteban says is less important than her actual response to her students behaviors.,What is learning?,Brainstorm: When we hear the word “learning” most of us think of studying and school. But learning is not limit to School. We learning everyday of our lives. Given examples of
11、what are learning and what are not learning?,A Definition of Learning,Learning is usually defined as a change in an individual caused by experience,Understanding:,In the broadest sense, learning occurs when experience causes a relatively permanent change in an individuals knowledge or behavior. Chan
12、ges simply caused by maturation, such as growing taller or turning gray, do not qualify as learning. Learning takes place in many ways.,Learning takes place in many ways.,Video it is intentional, or it is unintentional It happens in human beings or animals It happens in school or out of school learn
13、ing can be good or can be worse,Learning Theories：,There are two main theories: Behavioral learning theories and cognitive learning theories. Behavioral learning theories Behavioral learning theories are explanations of learning that emphasize observable changes in behavior. (Social learning theorie
14、s focus on the effects of thought on action and action on thought.) Cognitive learning theories are explanations of learning that focus on mental processes. There are two branches of cognitive learning theories: cognitive structure learning theory（认知结构学习论），informationprocessing theory of learning（信息
15、加工学习论）。,Part2 What behavioral learning theories have evolved？,Early Explanations of Learning,1. One of the earliest explanations of learning come from Aristotle (384-322B.C.) Pavlovs Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian Physiologist, in the late 1800
16、s and early 1900s,Aristole (384-322BC) Knowledge acquired through experience. Four Laws of Association Law of similarity(相似) Law of Contrast（对比） Law of Contiguity（接近） Law of Frequency（频率）,Some important concepts:,Unconditioned Stimulus A stimulus that naturally evokes a particular response. Unconditioned Response A behavior that is prompted atomically by a stimulus. Neutral Stimuli Stimuli that have no effect on a particular response. Conditioned Stimulus A previously neut
