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1、,8 THE DATA OF MACROECONOMICS 宏观经济数据,Measuring a Nations Income 一国收入的衡量,Chapter 23,Microeconomics 微观经济学,Microeconomics is the study of how individual households and firms make decisions and how they interact with one another in markets. 微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何作出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。,Macroeconomics 宏观经济学,Macroec
2、onomics is the study of the economy as a whole. 宏观经济学研究整体经济。 Its goal is to explain the economic changes that affect many households, firms, and markets at once. 宏观经济学的目标是解释同时影响许多家庭、企业和市场的经济变化。,Macroeconomics,Macroeconomics answers questions like the following: Why is average income high in some cou
3、ntries and low in others? Why do prices rise rapidly in some time periods while they are more stable in others? Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others?,宏观经济学,宏观经济学回答以下问题： 为什么一些国家平均收入高，而另一些国家平均收入低? 为什么一些时期物价上升迅速，而另一些时期物价较为稳定? 为什么一些年份生产和就业扩大，而另一些年份收缩？,The Economys
4、 Income and Expenditure 经济的收入与支出,When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning. 当判断经济富裕还是贫穷时，观察经济中所有人赚到的总收入是自然而然的。,The Economys Income and Expenditure 经济的收入与支出,For an economy as a whole, income must equal e
5、xpenditure because: 对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出，因为： Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. 每一次交易都有买者和卖者。 Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller. 某个买者的1美元支出就是某个卖者的1美元收入,Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the income and expenditures of an economy. It is the
6、total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.,The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product,国内生产总值 (GDP) 衡量一个经济体的收入和支出。 国内生产总值 (GDP) 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终商品（物品）与服务（劳务）的市场价值。,国内生产总值的衡量,The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值的衡量,The equalit
7、y of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram. 收入等于支出可以由经济循环图来说明。,Figure 1 The Circular-Flow Diagram,Spending,Revenue,Income,= Flow of inputs,and outputs,= Flow of dollars,图1. 经济循环图,企业,家庭,生产要素 市场,商品和服务 市场,The Measurement of GDP GDP的衡量,GDP is the market value of all fi
8、nal goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. GDP 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的 市场价值。,The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product,“GDP is the Market Value . . .” Output is valued at market prices. “. . . Of All Final . . .” It records only the value of final goods, not inter
9、mediate goods (the value is counted only once). “. . . Goods and Services . . . “ It includes both tangible goods (food, clothing, cars) and intangible services (haircuts, housecleaning, doctor visits).,GDP的衡量,“GDP 是市场价值 . . .” 产出按市场价格来评价。 “. . . 所有的 . . .” GDP只包括最终物品的价值，而不包括中间品的价值（价值只能计算一次）。 “. . .
10、 物品与劳务 . . . “ 它既包括有形的物品（食物、衣服、汽车），也包括无形的劳务（理发、打扫房屋、医生出诊）。,The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product,“. . . Produced . . .” It includes goods and services currently produced, not transactions involving goods produced in the past. “ . . . Within a Country . . .” It measures the value of production wi
11、thin the geographic confines of a country.,GDP的衡量,“. . . 生产的 . . .” 它包括现期生产的物品与劳务，并不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。 “ . . . 一个国家之内 . . .” 它衡量的生产价值是在一个国家的地理范围之内。,The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值的衡量,“. . . In a Given Period of Time.” “在某一既定时期内” It measures the value of production that takes place with
12、in a specific interval of time, usually a year or a quarter (three months). 它衡量某一既定时期内进行的生产的价值，通常这个时期是一年和一个季度（三个月）。,THE COMPONENTS OF GDP GDP的组成部分,GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally in markets. GDP包括一个经济体生产并在市场上合法销售的所有物品与劳务。,THE COMPONENTS OF GDP,What Is Not Counted in G
13、DP? GDP excludes most items that are produced and consumed at home and that never enter the marketplace. It excludes items produced and sold illicitly, such as illegal drugs.,GDP的组成部分,什么未计算在GDP之内？ GDP不包括在家里生产和消费而没有进入市场的大多数商品和服务。 GDP不包括非法生产和销售的项目，如毒品。,Other Measures of Income 其他收入衡量指标,Gross National
14、Product (GNP) 国民收入总值 Net National Product (NNP) 国民生产净值 National Income 国民收入,Other Measures of Income 其他收入衡量指标,Personal Income 个人收入 Disposable Personal Income 个人可支配收入,Gross National Product,Gross national product (GNP) is the total income earned by a nations permanent residents (called nationals). It
15、 differs from GDP by including income that our citizens earn abroad and excluding income that foreigners earn here.,国民总收入,国民总收入 (GNP) 是一国永久居民（称为国民）所赚到的总收入。 GNP 与GDP不同之处在于包括本国公民在国外赚到的收入，而不包括外国人在本国赚到的收入。,Net National Product (NNP),Net National Product (NNP) is the total income of the nations residents
16、 (GNP) minus losses from depreciation. Depreciation is the wear and tear on the economys stock of equipment and structures.,国民生产净值 (NNP),国民生产净值 (NNP)是一国居民的总收入减去折旧的消耗。 折旧是经济中设备和建筑物存量的磨损或损耗。,National Income,National Income is the total income earned by a nations residents in the production of goods and services. It differs from NNP by excluding indirect business taxes (such as sales taxes) and including business subsidies.,国民收入,国民收入 是一国居民在物品与劳务生产中赚到的总收
