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1、被 动 语 态 详 解,(一) 语 态 分 类,英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动) 汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词构成。,(二) 被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化 主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give 为例，列表如下： 一般
2、现在时： am / is / are + given 一般过去时： was / were +given 一般将来时： shall / will + given 一般过去将来时： should / would + given 现在进行时： am / is / are + being + given 过去进行时： was / were + being + given 现在完成时： have / has + been + given 过去完成时： had + been + given 将来完成时： shall / will + have been + given 过去将来完成时： should /
3、would + have been + given 注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。,(三)被动语态常用的八种时态 1. 一般现在时： People grow rice in the south of the country. Rice is grown in the south of the country. The school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
4、2. 一般过去时： They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month. The students didnt forget his lessons easily. His lessons were not easily forgotten.,3. 一般将来时： They will send cars abroad by sea. Cars will be sent abroad by sea. They w
5、ill give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers. 4. 过去将来时： The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as
6、 possible. The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible.,5. 现在进行时： The radio is broadcasting English lessons. English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio. We are painting the rooms. The rooms are being painted. 6. 过去进行时： Why didnt they drive there on time? Because the
7、workers were mending the road. Because the road was being mended. This time last year we were planting trees here. Trees were being planted here this time last year. 7. 现在完成时： Someone has told me the sports meet might be put off. I have been told the sports meet might be put off. We have brought dow
8、n the price. The price has been brought down.,8. 过去完成时： When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets. When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; People had considered him to be a great
9、 leader. He had been considered to be a great leader. 9. 含有情态动词的被动语态： 含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。 You must hand in your compositions after class. Your compositions must be handed in after class. He can write a great many letters with the computer. A great many letters can be written with t
10、he computer by him.,(四) 被 动 语 态 的 使 用 1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by 短语。 “Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken after class. ” (只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的)。 2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by 短语。 These records were made by John Denver. The cup was broken by Paul. 3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承
11、受者时，这时常用in + 名词作状语，而代替 by 短语。 These cars were made in China. 15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory.,(五)主动语态变被动语态的方法,（1） My aunt invited me to her dinner party. 主语 谓语 宾语 I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party. 主语 谓语 宾语 （2） The school set up a special class to help poor r
12、eaders. A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school.,1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。 2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be + 过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。 3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by 的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by 短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in + 地点名词作状语。,(六)语态转换时所注意的问题 1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。 We have bought a new co
13、mputer. A new computer has been bought. (正确) A new computer have been bought. (错误) 2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说： A present was given to me yesterday.,
14、保留宾语,注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如： bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。 The cup with mixture was showed to the class. My bike was lent to her. 一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如： build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint,
15、play, sing 等。 Mother made me a new skirt. (A new skirt was made for me. ) The meat was cooked for us. Some country music was played for us. 有些既不用to 也不用for, 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。 He ask me a question. (A question was asked of me. ) People all over the world know the Great Wall. The Great Wall is known to peo
16、ple all over the world. (不用by短语),3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有： 不及物动词+ 介词，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。 The patient is being operated on. The problem is solved. It neednt be talked about. 及物动词+ 副词：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, tur
