《外科学总论2009》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《外科学总论2009（82页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、外科学总论,医学史 Hippocrates(公圆前460-370)has been recognized as the father of modern medicine Aristotle(BC270-?)has been called the father of biology William Harvey(17世纪)阐明了血液循环机制 Edward Jenner(18世纪末)发现smallpox vaccine,一、现代外科学的发展 Development of Modern Surgery,解剖学 Anatomy,John Hunter (1728-1793), the father
2、of experimental surgery and a superb anatomist and teacher.,麻醉 Anesthesia,Willam t.G. Morton (1819-1868), a Boston dentist whose successful demonstration of ether anesthesia on October 16, 1846, at the Massachusetts Gneeral Hospital was a landmark in the history of surgery,3. 抗菌术 Antisepsis,Joseph L
3、ister (1827-1912), the originator of antiseptic surgery,输血 Blood transfusion,Richard Lewisohn (1875-1961), a surgeon at the Mount Sinai Hospital, introduced the modern technique of blood transfusion, developed from his discovery of a method of preventing coagulation of the blood outside the body.,Ka
4、rl Landsteiner (1868-1943), one of the first scientists to study the physical processes of immunity. He is best known for his identification and characterization of the human blood groups, A, B, and O.,Theodor Kocher (1841-1917), professor of surgery at the University of Berne and pioneer in the dev
5、elopment of surgery of the thyoid. He received the Nobel Prize in 1909.,Theodor Billroth (1829-1894), professor at the University of Vienna and pioneer abdominal surgeon, Billroth was one of the most influential teachers of his time.,Innovators & Pioneers in Surgery,John H. Gibbon (1903-1973), pione
6、er cardiothoracic surgeon who developed extracorporeal circulation.,Alexis Carrel (1873-1944), an experimental surgeon interested in wound healing, tissue culture, organ transplantation, and blood vessel anastomosis. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1912.,傅培彬 (1912-1989), 瑞金医院外科创始人,1954 二尖瓣分离 Commi
7、ssurotomy of mitral stenosis 1958 大面积灼伤 Severe Burn 1963 断肢再植 Replantation of cut limb 1977 肝移植 The 1st case of Liver transplantation 1978 心脏移植 The 1st case of Heart transplantation 1990s- 二医外科全面发展 灼伤外科、消化外科、胆胰外科 Burn surg, Digestive S., P. Biliary 口腔外科、整形外科、小儿心脏外科 Stomatological S. Plastic S. Pedia
8、tric Cardio S.,The role of SSMU in the development of surgery in China,二、外科学范畴 Category of Surgery,外科疾病分类 Classification of Surgical Diseases 1) 损伤 Trauma mechanical thermal chemical electrical 2) 感染 Infection 3) 肿瘤 Neoplasia Benign, alignant 4) 畸形 Anatomical abnormalities Congenital, Acquired,5) 内分
9、泌功能失调 Metabolic & Hormonal disorder 6) 梗塞与缺血 Infarction & Ischamia 7) 其它 Others 梗阻 Obstruction 寄生虫病 Parasite diseases 静脉曲张 Vein varicose,2. 外科专业发展 Development of Surgical Specialties,工作对象和性质 实验外科 Eexperimental Surgery 临床外科 Clinical Surgery,2) 人体解剖系统 骨科 Arthrosteopedic surgery 颌面外科 Dentofacial surger
10、y 心胸外科 Cardiothoracic surgery 泌尿外科 Urologic surgery 神经外科 Neurosurgery 普通外科 General surgery (腹部外科) Abdominal surgery,3) 性病性质 肿瘤外科 Neoplastic surgery 急症外科 Emergency surgery 创伤外科 Trauma surgery 烧伤外科 Burn surgery 4) 手术方式 整复外科 Plastic surgery 显微外科 Microsurgery 移植外科 Transplantation 微创外科 Minimally invasive
11、 surgery,5) 年龄 小儿外科 Pediatric Surgery 成人外科 Adult Surgery 6) 专业 妇科 Gynecology 耳鼻喉科 Otolaryngology 眼科 Ophthalmology,3. 外科总论与各论 General Surgery & Special Surgery,外科学总论 General Surgery 各临床外科共同的专业基础 基础医学与临床外科学的桥梁 外科学各论 Special Surgery 论述各系统、各脏器 外科疾病的病因、病理、诊断与治疗, 外科分子生物学 Surgical molecular biology 外科免疫学 S
12、urgical immunology 无菌术 Aseptic technique 外科水、电解质和酸碱平衡 Fluid and electrolyte management and acid-base balance 输血 Blood transfusion,外科休克 Surgical shock 外科营养 Surgical nutrition 多器官功能障碍综合征 Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, MODS 麻醉 Anesthesia 外科重症监测治疗 Surgical intensive care,心肺脑复苏 Brain-cardiopulmonar
13、y Resuscitation 疼痛治疗 Pain management & Analgesia 围手术期处理 Perioperative management 门诊外科 Outpatient surgery 外科感染 Surgical infection 肿瘤 Neoplasma,创伤 Trauma 烧伤与冷伤 Burns & Cold injury 显微外科 Microsurgery 器官移植 Organ transplantation 组织工程 Tissue engineering 腔镜外科 Laparoscopic & thorascopic surgery 内镜外科 Endoscop
14、ic surgery 外科介入治疗 Surgical intervention treatment,三、如何学习外科 How to learn surgery,外科医师的职业道德 Moral Character 理论联系实践 Theory and Practice 外科基础 Basic theory Basic knowledge Basic technique,Spunk of tiger 胆大,形象化的要求 Some figure of speech about the basic demands,Eyes of eagle 眼明,Hands of women 手巧,Heart of mo
15、ther 心细,学 问 - Learn to find questions - Learn to ask questions - Learn to solve questions Books are your best teachers Library is your best school,Now, you may have a good start - why to learn - how to learn Well begun, half done. 良好的开端，成功的一半。 目标已明，努力干吧！,怎样学习外科学,一、充分认识医生的基础职责 是解决医疗、预防工作的实际问题，为人民的健康服
16、务 从技术上外科医生应由三部分组成“三个三分之一” 术前的诊断和术前准备 手术操作 术后的处理,二、理论和实践相结合,书本知识要扎实 积极参加临床实践 感性知识和理性认识紧密结合 提高发现问题，分析问题和解决问题的能力,三、重视三基：“基本知识、基本技能、基本理论”,基本知识 基础医学知识和其他各学科的知识 基本技能 医疗文书的书写、无菌观念、消毒方法、外科切开、分离、止血、结 扎、缝合、引流、换药等操作 基本理论运用前期所学的知识帮助在临床实践中加深理解，加深认识，决不能只 “知其然，不知所以然”,结语,要想学好外科，必须勤奋学习，刻苦钻研，努力实践 要想成为一名好医师,必须具有扎实的基础知识，基础理论和熟练操作技能 要想成为一位名医，除了具备一名好医师的条件外，还应具有高尚的医德,现代外科奠基于
