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1、代 词,要点概述 代词是代替名词或起名词作用的短语、句子的词。代词根据其意思和用法可分为八类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词、关系代词。,人称代词的常见用法 1人称代词的排序 单数二、三、一(you, he and I), 但承担责任时词序为一、二、三(I，you and he)。例如： I，you and he should answer for the accident. 复数一、二、三(we，you and they)。其中“一”表示第一人称；“二”表示第二人称；“三”表示第三人称。,2人称代词的格 (1)在无动词分句中，人称代词通常用其宾格。例如：
2、 Who can name two pronouns? Who? Me? Im going to spend the weekend in the countryside. Me，too.,(2)人称代词作表语时，多用宾格。例如： This is him，and that is me. 在强调结构中，被强调的如果是人称代词，代词的格一般取决于被强调的部分在从句中所充当的句法作用。例如： It was I that (who) carried the boy to safety.(“我”在从句中作主语，故用主格人称代词 I。) (3)在比较状语从句中，人称代词的格取决于话语的深层结构。试比较：
3、He helped me more often than she (did) He helped me more often than (he did) her.,3人称代词的类指用法 人称代词能够表示类指，即泛指一般的人或事物。 (1)we 和 you 表示类指时，泛指一般人，包括听说双方在内。例如： Think before you act.三思而后行。 (2)they 表示类指时，一般指有关方面，不包括听说双方在内。例如： I dont think they will raise the price of oil. (3)it 表示类指时，一般泛指不可数的事物。例如： I like fo
4、otball，but I dont want to play it.,4阴性代词 she，her 的用法 阴性代词 she，her 可用来指代“国家、车、船、飞机”等物，以示亲切，但应注意不要滥用。,指示代词 （this, that , these, those） (1) this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用； that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。 I want to tell you this: the English party will be held this Friday evening. He hurt his leg yesterday. Thats why he
5、didnt come.,(2) 为了避免重复，常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。 The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing. The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox. (3) 用this在电话用语中作自我介绍，用that询问对方。 Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? (4) this和that可以当副词用，意思相当于副词so。 Is he always this busy? Hed like to get that big
6、 a car.,替代词的用法 1名词性替代替代词 one，it 与 that 的用法 one：指代可数名词，复数形式为ones；表示泛指，亦即指同一类中的任何一个，特指时须在 one 前加上定冠词 the；one 前一般不加定冠词，但 one 被形容词修饰后反之。 it：指代可数名词单数或不可数名词，复数形式为 they/ them；指代前面提到过的事物，亦即“同一个”。,that：指代可数名词单数或不可数名词，复数形式为 those；表示特指。 例如：Ive lost my pen. I cant find it anywhere. Im going to buy a new one. Th
7、e weather in Beijing is much colder than that in Nanjing.,2动词性替代代词 so 和 it 与代动词 do 的连用 代词 so 和 it 可以接在代动词 do 之后，表示一个已经完成了的行为。do 可以替代前面出现了的主动词，也可以替代动词和动词后面的宾语或状语等成分。例如： Please tell him to come on time. I have done so (it)(I have told him to come on time.),do so 相对比较正式一点，在非正式的说法中，通常说 do和 do it，或者将 do
8、it 中的 it 换用为 this 或 that。例如： I hope you had a good time at the party. Yes，I did. Thanks. I havent got time to get the tickets. Whos going to do it (that)？(由于这段对话太口语化，所以这里不宜说：Whos going to do so？) 特别提醒：如果替代的是前面的“动词状语”结构，一般用 do so 或 do，而不能用 do it。后者主要替代“动词宾语”的结构。,3分句性替代分句替代词 so 和 not 的用法 so 和 not 常接在某
9、些语气较为委婉的动词之后，以替代 that 从句。这样的动词有：believe，think，hope，expect，suppose，imagine，say，hear，guess，be afraid 等。so 表示肯定。例如： Is there going to be a film tonight? I think so.(I think there is going to be a film tonight.) 如果要对前句的内容进行否定，则可采用下面两种结构：,(1)dontbelieve/think/expect/supposeso。例如： He will fail in the entr
10、ance exam. No，I dont believe so. (I dont believe he will fail in the entrance exam.) (2)believe，think，expect，suppose，hope，hear，be afraidnot。例如： Do you think its going to rain over the weekend? I believe not. I wonder if he met with the accident. I think not and I hope not.,特别提醒：上述动词中 believe，think，e
11、xpect，suppose 等可以有两种否定形式，而有些动词只能有一种否定形式。例如： I hope not.(不能说：I dont hope so.) Im afraid not.(不能说：Im not afraid so.) 此外，初学者还容易出现下列典型错误： Do you think well have terrible weather? No，I dont believe it. (替代上面的分句，it 应改为 so) Will he agree with us? Yes，I think. (think 后应接分句替代词 so，否则意思不明),Are you going to wat
12、ch the game? Im sure so，for it promises to be a close one.(应将 so 改为I will，因为 be sure 的语气并不委婉，其后不能接分句替代词) 另外，so 和 not 还可以用在 if 后面，以避免重复前文。例如： Are you free this evening? If so，come and join us in the dance.(不说 If you are free.) I may join you in the dance. If not，Ill telephone you.,it的用法 (1)可表示时间、距离、度
13、量衡、自然现象等。 Its too late to go to the cinema. It is a half hours walk to the factory. (2)作为人称代词，可指动物或无生命的东西， 也可指代性别不明的小孩或未知的人，或在电话用语中指自己一方的人。 Its a book. Is that Tom speaking? No, it isnt . This is Jack speaking. The bell is ringing; please go and see who it is.,（3）指代前面的名词或前面提到的事。 He is weak at listen
14、ing and he has realized it. （4） 作为形式主语 Its possible to finish the work in two hours. It is a pity that he should fail the exam. Its no use talking with him about the matter. Its said that he had been to London.,（5）作为形式宾语 I found it difficult to finish the work today. I consider it no good playing co
15、mputer games. Mother hates it when someone talks with his mouth full.,（6）用于强调结构 It is/ wasthat (who) It was Tom that/ who I met in the park yesterday. It was I who/ that met Tom in the park yesterday. It was in the park that I met Tom yesterday. It was yesterday that I met Tom in the park. Where was
16、 it that he met Tom? I wonder where it was that he met Tom.,（7） 用于一些固定句型 Its (high/about) time that sb. did sth. Its (was) the first/second/ time that sb. has (had) done sth. It is/was/ has been + 时间段+since 从句(一般过去时、过去完成时) It will be/ was +时间段+before 从句( 一般现在时、一般过去时) It seems/appears/ happens /+that 从句,（8） 用于一些固定短语 make it 成功做到 as it is 事实上/原样 as it were 似乎是 take it easy 别紧张，放轻松 thats it
