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1、第七讲 动词的时态与语态各种时态与语态的构成现在过去将来过去将来主动被动主动被动主动被动主动被动一般do/doesam/is/are donedidwas/were doneshall/will doshall/will be doneshould/would doshould/would be done进行am/is/are doingam/is/are being donewas/were doingwas/were being doneshall/will be doingshall/will be being doneshould/would be doingshould/would
2、be being done完成have/has donehave/has been donehad donehad been doneshall/will have doneshall/will have been doneshould/would have doneshould/would have been done完成进行have/has been doinghad been doingshall/will have been doingshould/would have been doing各种时态的用法1.一般现在时(1)表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制)。Time and ti
3、de wait for no man.岁月不等人。(2)表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。Ice feels cold.冰摸上去是冷的。They always care for each other and help each other.他们总是互相关心、互相帮助。(3)表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词(短语)常用一般现在时，如see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to
4、, seem等。All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.这儿所有的学生都来自一中。(4)在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。Ill write to her when I have time.有时间我会写信给她。(5)少数用于表示起止或转移等的动词如come, go，leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排肯定会出现的状态时，只用一般现在时
5、。The shop closes at 11：00 pm.every day.这家商店每天晚上11点关门。Tomorrow is Wednesday.明天是星期三。2一般过去时(1)一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的具体时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事。We met her in the street yesterday.我们昨天在街上遇见她了。When he was young, he took cold baths regularly.他年轻时经常洗凉水澡。I didnt expect to see
6、 you studying at the library.我没料到会看见你在图书馆学习。(2)如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去时。He told me he read an interesting novel last night.他告诉我他昨晚读了一本有趣的小说。(3)表示两个紧接着发生的动作，由以下词语连接，常用一般过去时，如but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute等。He bought a watch but lost it.他买了一块表但是丢了。
7、The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.她一进来就告诉我所发生的事。(4)常用一般过去时的句型：Why didnt you think of that?你怎么没有想到呢？I didnt notice it.我没注意到它。I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.我忘了告诉你我以前和哥哥去过那儿。I didnt recognize him.我没有认出他。3一般将来时(1)表示将来的动作或状态，常用“will/shall动词原形”，与表示
8、将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow，next week等。We will have a meeting tomorrow.我们明天开会。(2)表示趋向行为的动词如come, go, start, begin, leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。The students are leaving on Sunday.学生们星期天离开。(3)一般将来时的其他表达方式be going to do, be to do, be about to do的用法及区别：be going to在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事、必然或很可能发生的事，也可用来表示自然现象。The railway
9、is going to be open on October 1st.这条铁路将于10月1日开通。be to do表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。A meeting is to be held at 3：00 oclock this afternoon.会议将于今天下午3点举行。Youre to be back before five oclock.5点前你要回来。be about to do表示“即将，正要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。Autumn harvest is about to start.秋收即将开始。名师指津be going to do表
10、示打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall/will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。be going to表示将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。If it is fine, well go fishing.()If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.()4现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是讲话时正在进行的动作；表示近期特定的安排或计划；go, come等表示移动的动词可用进行时代替将来时；与always, often等频度副词连用，表
11、示经常反复的行为或某种感情色彩。He is working on a paper.他正在写一篇论文。She is teaching English and learning Chinese.她在教英语并学习汉语。I am meeting Mr.Wang tonight.我今晚会见王先生。The girl is always talking loud in public.这个女孩总是在公众场合大声说话。(2)下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。表示心理状态、情感的动词：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree,
12、 mean, need等。表示存在状态的动词(短语)：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to等。表示行为结果的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete等。表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look等。5过去完成时(1)常用过去完成时的几种情况。句中含有by, by the end of, by the time, until, before, since等后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句。By the end of
13、 last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.到去年年底，我们已经生产出两万辆车了。表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等，常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式，即hoped/planned .to have done。We had planned to finish the work before dark, but we were held up by a heavy rain.我们本打算在天黑前完成这项工作，但是被大雨耽搁了。“时间名词b
14、efore”在句中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去时。He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.他说他的启蒙老师至少10年前就过世了。Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.肖华是三年前毕业的。在hardly/scarcely .when .，no sooner . than .句式中，主句常用过去完成时，表示“一就”。当hardly, scarcely, no sooner置于句首时，其后要用部分倒装。We had no sooner bee
15、n seated than the bus started.No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.我们刚坐下，公交车就开了。(2)在before或after引导的时间状语从句中可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。After he (had) left the room, the boss came in.他离开房间后老板进来了。6过去将来时过去将来时表示从过去的观点来预计以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，这种时态常用于宾语从句中，主句常用一般过去时。He always said that he would study hard at that time.他那时总是说他会努力学习的。7过去进行时过去进行时表示在过去某个时刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态。He wa
