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1、Unit 1 Laughter is good for you Grammar and usage,To overview non-finite verbs To master non-finite verbs used as the subject, the attributive, and the object complement To learn the differences among to- infinitive, verb-ing and verb-ed,Objectives,Overview,非谓语动词,过去分词,不定式,-ing 形式,动名词,现在分词,Read and t
2、hink,Read the points on Page 8, and think: Whats the difference when to infinitive and verb-ing used as the subject? 2. How to judge which non-finite verbs to be used when they are used as the attributive? 3. Tell the differences when they are used as object complement.,Infinitive, verb-ing, verb-ed
3、,1. 不定式作主语VS -ing形式作主语； 2. 不定式作定语VS -ing形式作定语VS过去分词作定语； 3. 不定式作宾语补足语VS -ing形式作宾语补足语VS过去分词作宾语补足语；,Notes,不定式作主语与-ing形式作主语区别：,-ing形式作主语时往往表示一般性 的、习惯性的动作；而不定式作主语则表示在具体情况下特定的或一次性的动作。但有时可以通用。 eg. Lying is wrong. (泛指lying的做法或作风) To lie is wrong. (说谎者是谁，说话人心中有所指),2. 不定式和-ing形式作主语时都有两 种形式： (1)放在主语位置 To see i
4、s to believe. Saying is easier than doing. (2)It作形式主语；在现代英语中，不定 式作主语时更倾向于用it作形式主 语；但在-ing形式作主语时，it作形 式主语通常是用于某些形容词或者 名词后面。如：,-ing形式做真正主语用于： Its interesting/tiring/boring/nice/ terrible/better/foolish/enjoyable/worth-while/useless/dangerous doing sth. Its no use/no good/a waste of time doing sth.,不定式
5、做真正主语用于： Its important/necessary/possible/ essentialto do sth. Its a pity/a pleasure to do sth.,3.-ing形式和不定式作主语时习惯用法： (1)主语与表语一致，即当表语是-ing形式时，主语也要用-ing形式；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式。 eg. Teaching is learning. To teach is to learn. (2)在“There be +no”这种结构中，通常用-ing形式作主语。 eg. There is no telling what will happen.
6、,非谓语动词作定语： (1)不定式作定语要放在它所修饰的名词之后，表示一个将来的动作，即不定式的动作发生在谓语之后。也可用来修饰have、there be、with之后的名词，表示“有要”或修饰“the+序数词”。不定式作定语，被修饰的词是不定式动作发生的时间、地点、工具或对象时，要加上适当的介词。,When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _. A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to 解析： 答案C。th
7、e person是send it的对象可 理解为to send it to the person。,2. There are five pairs _, but Im at a loss which to choose. A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing 解析： 答案选B。是“有五双可选择”即“从这五双中选择一双”而不是“选择五双”。,3. Then there are always people to _ if you fell like a chat. A. talk to B. talk C. s
8、peak about D. speak 解析： 答案选A。people是talk的对象，即talk to people。,(2)-ing形式作定语时与它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该名词的特点、性质等。作前置定语的-ing形式前面可有状语修饰，即转化为形容词，状语多用very, rather等加强词，如： This is a rather boring film. 有时候也可换成定语从句： eg. Barking dogs seldom bit. =Dogs which barks seldom bit.,The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garde
9、n attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt 【分析】答案选B。“发出香味”与“吸引游客”是同时发生的，排除表示将来的不定式，即A和D；又因为the flowers与smell (发出味)是主动关系，所以用现在分词短语作定语。,The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew. A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung,【分析】答案选B。hang
10、作“某物悬挂 / 吊在某处”解，是不及物动词，the picture与hang是主动关系，用hanging 作定语。,The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the _. A. 20 dollars remained B. 20 dollars to remain C. remained 20 dollars D. remaining 20 dollars 【分析】答案选D。remain 是不及物动词，其过去分词无被动含义，用remaining (剩下的)作定语，修饰20 dollars。remaining 20 dol
11、lars =20 dollars left。,(3)过去分词作定语：及物动词的过去分词作定语，表示一个被动的、已完成的动作；不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示该动作已完成，不表示被动意义。单个过去分词作定语时大都放在被修饰的词语之前，过去分词短语作定语时一般放在被修饰的词语之后 。过去分词作定语，意义上接近一个定语从句。,The glass _ by my son has been swept away. breaks B. broke C. broken D. being broken 解析：正确答案为C。the glass和 break构成了被动关系，所以需要用过 去分词来表示。此处也可以
12、改成定语 从句：The glass which was broken by my son has been swept away.,Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _as 3M. A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known,解析：答案选B。因为thecompany与know是被动关系，所以用过去分词短语作定语，known as 3M = which was known as 3M。,非谓语动词作宾语补足语：,在作宾语补足语时，不定式指将来发生
13、的动作；-ing形式指正在进行的动作；过去分词形式所表示的动作则带有被动意味。一些习惯用法： (1)在感官动词(feel, listen to, hear, see, look at, watch, notice 等)和使役动词(make, let, have)后，要用不带 to 的不定式作宾补。但在这些动词的被动式后用作主语补足语的不定式要带 to。,Eg. They knew her very well. They had seen her grow up from childhood. They knew her very well. She had been seen to grow
14、up from childhood. The boss made my grandfather work 10 hours a day. My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day.,(2)在下列动词后用作宾语补足语的非谓语动词用不定式，即用于 vt. + sb/ sth + to do sth 的形式： advise, allow, ask, bear, beg, get cause, command, encourage, force expect, forbid, hate, intend, invite leave, mean,
15、 need, oblige, order,permit, persuade, remind, teach tell, trouble, warn, wish,(3)感觉动词(see, hear, watch, observe, notice, feel, find, catch, look at, listen to等)后接-ing形式作宾补表示动作正在发生；接省略to的不定式时，表示动作的全过程。如： He saw someone knocking the window. 他看见有人正敲窗子。 He saw someone knock the window. 他看见有人敲窗子了。,(4)过去
16、分词作宾补，着重动作完成，表明动作的结果，它与宾语之间是被动的逻辑主谓关系。主要用于： A.表示感觉或心理状态的动词(如see, watch, find, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等) + sb/sth + V-ed结构中。 eg. He found his hometown greatly changed.,B.表示“致使”意义的动词后。如:have, make, get, keep, leave等。 eg. I had my bike repaired yesterday. C. “with +宾语+过去分词”结构中，过去分词用作介词 wit
