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1、Section Grammar & Writing,状语 一、状语的定义 用来修饰动词、形容词、副词等及其短语、从句或句子的成分被称为状语。 二、状语的分类 1.修饰性状语,修饰谓语或谓语动词，根据其意义内容可分为时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、程度状语、目的状语、项目状语、结果状语、条件状语、让步状语、伴随状语等。 I called on her yesterday我昨天拜访了她。 (时间状语) He has just left.他刚离开。(时间状语),I met her on the street我在街上遇见了她。 (地点状语) He left without saying goodbye他
2、不辞而 别。(方式状语) They treat us kindly他们对待我们很友好。(方式状语) I dont quite understand.我不完全理解。(程度状语),2.评注性状语 评注性状语是对全句进行说明或解释，表示说话人对话语的看法或态度。 Personally，I think he is a good teacher. 在我个人看来，我觉得他是个好老师。 Happily，he was not injured. 幸运的是，他没受伤。,To our regret，he knew nothing about it. 令我们遗憾的是，他对此一无所知。 He may be late.W
3、orse still，he may not come at all. 他或许会迟到。更糟的是，他或许根本就不来。 3.连接性状语 连接性状语在句子间起连接作用。,It wont work：for_a_start，its a bad idea，and secondly，itll ecost too much。 它是行不通的：首先，这个主意不好；其 次，花费太大。(表列举，顺序) Its a little bit too large for me；besides，I dont like the color. 对我来说有点大；此外，我不喜欢这颜色。 (表意义增补),He is being a foo
4、l.In other words，he is behaving foolishly. 他显得很傻。换句话说，他表现得很傻。(表等同) Give him a chance；otherwise，you will regret it. 给他个机会，否则你会后悔的。(表转折),It rained heavily last night；consequently，the land was flooded. 昨晚雨下得很大，所以那地方被淹了。(表因果) 三、担任状语的成分 1.名词作状语 用来表示时间、距离、长度、高度等的名词可以作状语，常放在句末。,I met Mr.Brown on the street
5、 yesterday 昨天我在大街上遇到了布朗先生。 We have covered twenty miles 我们已经走了二十英里了。 2.形容词作状语，用来表示伴随或主语的状态 He lay in bed awake 他醒着躺在床上。,The child went home four days later，cold and hungry 四天后那孩子又冷又饿地回到家。 3.副词(短语)作状语 用来修饰形容词、副词、动词或全句。修饰全句时，一般放在句首由逗号与句子隔开；修饰形容词、副词时，一般放在它们的前面(enough除外)；,修饰动词时，通常放在句末，也可放在句 首，但某些频度副词，如a
6、lways，seldom，often，never，rarely等常放在动词之前，情态动词、助词或系动词之后。 He walks very slowly他走得很慢。 Luckily，he passed the driving test for the first time. 幸运地是，他第一次就通过了驾驶测试。,4.介词短语作状语 多放在句末或句首，但有时也可放在句中。 I havent seen him for 3 years我已经三年没见他了。 At the moment he is in Shenzhen目前他在深圳。 5.不定式(短语)作状语,可表示目的或结果。表目的时，既可放在 句首，
7、也可放在谓语动词之后，还可以用in order to或so as to来替代(so as to不能放在句首)；表结果时，常放在谓语动词之后或句 尾，表示出乎意料的结果，to前有时可加only或just来修饰。,To improve my English，I intend to practise reading English texts every morning. 为了提高我的英语成绩，我打算每天早上练习读英语课文。 He hurried to the airport，only to find the plane had taken off 他匆忙地赶到了飞机场，结果发现飞机已起飞了。,6.
8、现在分词作状语 表示时间、原因、方式、伴随和结果等。句子的主语与现在分词之间是主动(主谓)关系。 Not catching the bus，I had to wait for the next. 由于没赶上公共汽车，我只好等下一班。 The man died，leaving her a great fortune 男人去世了，留给了她一大笔财富。,7.过去分词作状语 表示时间、原因、条件和让步。主语和过去分词之间存在被动关系。 Caught in the heavy rain last night，she fell ill. 由于昨天晚上淋了大雨，她病倒了。 Given another fiv
9、e minutes，I can have your photos developed. 再给我五分钟，我就可以给你洗出照片来。,8.复合结构(独立主格)作状语 常用来表示时间、原因、条件、伴随或行为方式等。复合结构中动词的逻辑主语与其修饰的句子的主语不一致。 With time going on，our country becomes richer and richer. 随着时间的推移，我们的国家变得越来越富强。,It raining cats and dogs，the game had to be put off. 由于天降大雨，比赛不得不被推迟了。 9.状语从句作状语,As soon a
10、s Wen Jiabao entered the hall of the Harvard，all the students present gave him a loud applause.(时间状语从句)温家宝一走进哈佛大学的会议厅，全场响起了热烈的掌声。 Corn grows well where it is hot and there is plenty of rain(地点状语从句)玉米在高温多雨的地方长得好。,He was late because there was something wrong with their plane(原因状语从句)他来晚了是因为飞机出了故障。 You
11、 shant go out unless you hand in your paper(条件状语从句)不交试卷不准出场。 Wherever you go，I will follow you.(让步状语从句)无论你去哪里，我都会跟着你。,She speaks English so fast that I cant catch her(结果状语从句)她英语说得如此快以至于我听不懂。 He carried some bread and bottled water so that we could eat and drink on the road(目的状语从句)他带了些面包和矿泉水以备我们路上用。,
12、He made a face at me as if he had known what I would tell his mother(方式状语从句)他冲我做了个鬼脸，好像他已经知道我要告诉他妈妈什么了。 He runs as fast as I do(比较状语从句) 他跑得和我一样快。,【温馨提示】 (1)every time，the moment，the day，the first time，last time等名词短语也可以用作连词引导时间状语从句。 The day I went to school for the first time，I made friends with Tom.
13、 我上学的第一天就与汤姆交上了朋友。,(2)immediately，directly，instantly也可以 用作连词引导时间状语从句，意思上相当于as soon as。 He got off his bike immediately he saw his teacher 他一看见老师就从自行车上下来了。 (3)Seeing(that)，Considering(that)，Now(that)也可以引导原因状语从句。,Considering it is raining hard，I wont climb the hill. 由于雨下得很大，所以我不去爬山了。 (4)Suppose/Suppos
14、ing(that)，Providing/Provided(that)也可以引导条件状语从句，意思上相当于“if”(如果，假如)。 Suppose it is very hot，we will go to swim in the lake. 如果天非常热，我们就去湖里游泳,.完成句子 1._he had been operated on without delay，the patient would not have been saved.(if) 病人即使得到及时的手术，生命也无法挽 救。,Even if,2._ Ill tell her that you are looking for he
15、r.(moment) 一见到她，我就告诉她你在找她。 3.The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance，_ the natural light during the day.(let) 在入口处，玻璃门已取代了木门，这样白天自然光便可照射进来。,The moment I see her,letting in,4._fire，all exits must be kept clear.(case) 为防火灾，所有疏散通道务必畅通。 5._，we do reading aloud every morni
16、ng. 为学好英语，我们早晨都朗读。,In case of,To study English well,6._，we can perform this play very well. 我们如果有足够的时间，可以把这出戏表演得非常好。 7._ of the hill，we can find our school very beautiful. 从这山顶上看，我们发现我们的学校非常漂,Given enough time,Seeing from the top,8.A group of children came out of the classroom，_(laugh) 一群孩子有说有笑地从教室里走出来。 9.He sent me an email，_
