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1、Character& Characterization,Kinds of Character,Roles in the Novel 1. Hero / Heroine 主角 - The chief / central character of a literary work,Hero / Heroine Carrying Connotation Protagonist 主人公 Sounding Neutral,Protagonist Antagonist 反面角色，对立面 - The rival or opponent against whom the protagonist / hero i
2、s contending.,2. Main / Major Character - One in close and dynamic relation with the hero / heroine. (Close relation does not necessarily mean good relation.),3. Minor Character - One in remote and static relation with the hero. (Not all minor characters are unimportant.),4. Foil (Character) 陪衬 - On
3、e that helps enhance the intensity of the hero by strengthening or contrasting.,Degrees of Development,Round Character 圆形人物 - The complex multidimensional character with the capacity to grow and change.,Round Characterization,A character who is complex and has many sides or traits with unpredictable
4、 behavior and a fully developed personality. Antagonists are usually a round characterization. Example: Like The Green Goblin (Norman Osborn),另一类圆活人物，则企图表现人心的复杂多变，一如动态的塑造，不但免除僵化，令人厌烦之病，而且可以是应任何情节的应球，令人有新奇变化之感，甚至角色在小说中成长，有自主能力去改变结局似的，比方说红楼梦中的宝玉，在裙钗中翻滚，在大官园中流连，爱恨迭起，悲喜无常，最后以出家勘破，作为回归太虚的醒悟之途。, Complex i
5、n temperament and motivation; Represented with subtle particularity; As difficult to describe with any adequacy as a person in real life.,Eg: Hamlet - A typical round character,2. Flat Character 扁平人物 - One who embodies or represents a single characteristic or trait, or at most a very limited number
6、of such qualities.,据Forster的说法，小说中的人物可分成扁平（Flat）人物与圆活人物（Round）。扁平人物有时又被称为类型（types）或漫画人物（caricatures)，通常是依循着一个单纯的理念或性质而被创造出来，所以又被归类为静态人物（static），故地展现一项性能特征，比较被动，对任何环境变迁，只是持着一种态度，这样的人物在求易认易记，比方说琼瑶小说（一般言情）中的男女主角似乎总是美丽、潇洒，多情易感，任凭时移境迁，此爱不渝。而鲁迅阿Q正传中的阿Q由于遭遇任何困厄、皆以精神胜利法泰然处之，似乎也是平面人物常用以做讽刺性描述的代表。,Flat Charac
7、terization,A character who has one or two sides, representing one or two traitsoften a stereotype. Flat characters help move the plot along more quickly because the audience immediately understands what the character is about. Example: Like a geeky science professor,Type Character 类型化人物 Stock Charac
8、ter 小丑角色 One-dimensional Character 单一角色 Caricature 漫画人物 - when distorted to create humor, Presented without much individualizing detail; Remaining “stable” or unchanged in outlook and dispositions from the beginning to the end of a work.,Eg: Detective Story Adventure Novel Farce Comedy - In above wo
9、rks, the protagonist usually is a flat character.,1. Dynamic Character - Exhibiting some kind of change as the story progresses. 2. Static Character - Remaining the same from the beginning of a work to the end.,Dynamic Characterization,A character who experiences an essential change in personality o
10、r attitude. Protagonists are almost always dynamic. Example: Stitch, from Lilo and Stitch,Static Characterization,A character who does not change or develop beyond the way in which she or he is first presented. Example: Atticus Finch from To Kill a Mockingbird.,Characterization 人物塑造,- The process by
11、 which an author creates, develops, and presents a character.,Characterization,How a writer reveals a characters personality Direct Characterization: Author tells us what the character is like (e.g. deceitful, honest, evil, kind) Indirect Characterization: Physical description Words & thoughts Other
12、 characters thoughts & comments Characters actions,Methods of Characterization,Characterization 1. Through the use of names; 2. Through appearance; 3. By the author; - By telling.,人物构造法（methods of characterization） 基本尚可分为说明（telling）或表演（showing）二种方式,Telling的方式如： 命名：这是描写小说人物性格最简单的方式，比如黑旋风李逵（黑大汉、又粗暴）浪里
13、白条（白大汉、张顺）、宋江唤做及时与（扶弱济贫、仗义疏才），透过这些绰号可以点醒人物个性特质，而命名中的谐音，如贾宝玉之贾假谐音，岸玉假作真时，真亦假，宝玉与顽石，冥顽与通灵的虚实交错。而红楼一开头就由甄士隐、贾雨村搪塞作者创作经历，甄士隐是故将真事隐去、贾雨村是用假语村言敷衍出来。是一开始就用人物命名喻示出全书主题。,表特征：可分先天体型雨日常习惯，比方说：一支小彩蝶儿，这是大家给她取的外号。是的，这是只小彩蝶儿，有那份翩翩的姿态，更有那份雅致和妩媚。（几度夕阳红）这是一般写女主角时常赋予的美丽姿态；通常很少描写的肥胖臃肿。而形姿中神情的捕捉，更为重要，比如红楼梦中写黛玉是：两弯似蹙非蹙罥烟
14、眉，一双似喜非喜含情目，泪光点点，娇喘微微。娴静时如娇花照水，行动似弱柳扶水。愁眉长叹，泪眼不干，成为黛玉其人的标志。,作者评论：这不但是让读者注意，且受到作者的特别引导，在表H外，附加以造型的内在意涵，比如写黛玉初见宝玉，除了描写其穿金戴玉，绫罗绸缎，面如赋彩，转盼多情之外，作者还以西江月二阙词加以批示： 无故寻愁觅恨，有时似傻如狂。纵然生得好皮囊，腹内原来草莽。潦倒不通庶务，愚顽恰读文章。行为偏僻性乖张，那管世人毁谤。富贵不知乐业，贫穷难耐凄凉。可怜辜负好时光，于国于家无望。天下无能第一，古今不肖无双。寄言纨裤与膏梁，莫效此儿形状。一方面，作者似有意寄寓教化之效，可是更多的目的在补充外表形
15、象描写的不足，甚至为宝玉一生作一个精灵的提点-我们无法以世俗工业去看他，反而要为他敞开一条痴傻狂傲的人生路径。,Characterization 4. Through dialogue; 5. Through action; - By showing.,showing的方式，如： 对话与行动（动作）当我们说对话的时候必然牵涉谁说的、向谁说、说什么，怎么说等四个层面。而说话的同时也然有些动作，包括表情与肢体。所以我们可以发现它类似戏剧表演，不只是说话要像真人在说话的样子，而且必须与两者之间的身份、个性配合，甚至与采取的行动相关。,比如红楼梦中凤姊初见到刘姥姥一段，二人在身份上的富贫、贵贱与性情上的真厚虚伪、骄纵朴拙加以对照。凤姊以低头的无聊举止，配合怎么还不请进来，到怎么不早说复有忙欲起身却犹未起身的动作语言，将凤姊一身骄气表露无遗。而说大户人家不过是个空架子、管事的艰苦难处等，又是权贵家族狡猾势利之处，相形之下，刘姥姥的寒俭、低下，扭捏、粗俗，比如先红了脸再说（勉强的说），见贾蓉逛来，站不是坐不是，有了钱拿不禁喜的眉开眼笑，粗鄙直率的说瘦死的骆驼比马还大呢，却可见人物透过表演方式的突出。,Analyzing Character,Who is the protagonist
