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1、European Culture： An Introduction,Division Nine Realism,General Introduction Realism in France Realism in Russia Realism in Northern Europe Realism in England Realism in the United States Art Music at the Turn of the Century,What is Realism? In art and literature the term realism is used to identify
2、 a literary movement in Europe and the united States in the Last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. The realists wanted a truthful representation in their works of contemporary life and manners.,The Historical Background The realist movement was greatly influenced by t
3、he development of science in the 19th century. The age of realism was the age of railway, wireless telegraphy and countless other mechanical inventions that revolutionized the nature of society within a very short span of time.,The 19th century is the century of greatest change in the history of Wes
4、tern civilization. the profound social dislocation and urban poverty brought about by the social and economic changes created severe problems to which the political and intellectual leaders of the 19th century reacted in a number of ways. Round about the 1830s, in France, Portugal and Russia, libera
5、ls, nationalists and socialists led several revolutions, but most of them failed.,Realism in France,Stendhal (pen name of Marie Henri Beyle, 1783-1842)司汤达 Works: Armance Le Rough et le Noir ( The Red and the Black)红与黑, la Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma)巴马修道院,Honore de Balzac 巴尔扎克(179
6、9-1850) Balzac has been called “the French Dickens”. Works: La Comedie Humaine ( the Human Comedy)人间喜剧, Eugenie Grandet欧也妮葛朗台, Le Pere Goriot 高老头 La Cousine Bette贝蒂表妹,Gustave Flaubert福楼拜 (1821-1880) Flaubert is one of the great literary artist of the 19th century. Work: Madame Bovery包法利夫人,Emile Zola
7、 左拉(1840-1902) Zola was the founder of the naturalist school. Work: Les Rougen-Macquarts罗根.马塔里 .,Guy de Maupassant莫泊桑 (1850-1893) Work: The Necklace项链, The Piece of String 一条绳子 The Umbrella雨伞,Realism in Russia,1. Nikolai Gogol 果戈里(1809-1852) Nikolai Gogol was the first master of fiction in Russia to
8、 leave romantic conventions and go to life for his subjects. Works: Dead Souls死魂灵,Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev 屠格涅夫(1818-1883) Turgenev was the first Russion author to gain recognition in the West. Works: A Hunters Sketches猎人笔记, A Nest of Gentlefolk贵族之家, Fathers and Sons父与子,Fyodor Dostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基 (1
9、821-1881) Works: The House of Death死屋手记, Crime and Punishment罪与罚, The Brother Karamazov卡拉马佐夫兄弟,Count Leo Tolstoy 列夫托尔斯泰(1828-1910) With Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy made the Russian realistic novel a literary genre that ranks in importance with classical Greek tragedy and Elizabethan drama.,Anton Pavlovich
10、Chekhov契科夫 Works: The Seagull海鸥, Uncle Vanya万尼亚舅舅, The Three Sisters三姊妹, The Cherry Orchard樱桃园,Realism in Northern Europe,Henrik Ibsen 易卜生(1828-1906) Works: A Dolls House玩偶之家, Ghosts群鬼, An Enemy of the People 人民公敌 The Wild Duck野鸭 and Hedda Gabler海达高布乐,August Strindberg奥古斯特斯特林堡 (1849-1912) Works: Mas
11、ter Olaf奥洛夫老师, The Son of a Servant女仆的儿子,Realism in England,Charles Dickens 狄更斯(1812-1870) Works: Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传 , A Tale of Two Cities双城记, Oliver Twist雾都孤儿, Hard Times 艰难时事 Bleak House荒凉山庄, David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔,2. George Eliot 乔治艾略特(pen name of Mary Ann Evans 1819-1880) Works: Middlemarch
12、 米德尔马契, The Mill on the Floss 弗洛斯河上的磨坊,William Makepeace Thackeray萨克雷 (1811-1863) Work: Vanity Fair名利场,Thomas Hardy哈代 Works: Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣, The Return of the Native还乡, The Mayer of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长, Tess of the dUrberyvilles 德伯家的苔丝 Jude the Obscure无名的裘德,George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳 (185
13、6-1950) Shaw won the Nobel Prize in 1925. Works: Heartbreak House伤心之家, St. Joan圣女贞德, The Apple Cart 苹果车 Major Barbara芭芭拉少校 Pygmalion卖花女,Realism in the United States,Harriet Beecher Stowe比彻斯托夫人 (1811-1896) Work: Uncle Toms Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋,Walt Whiteman惠特曼 (1819-1892) Considered by many to be the greates
14、t of all American poets, Whitman celebrated the freedom and dignity of the individual and sang the praises of democracy and the brotherhood of man. Works: Leaves of Grass 草叶集 When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd当丁香花最后在庭院开放的时候.,Mark Twain马克吐温 (pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens 1835-1910) Works：
15、The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Caravras Country 卡拉维拉斯郡著名的跳蛙 The Adventures of Hckberry Finn哈克贝利分历险记, The Gilded Age镀金时代, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆索菲亚历险记, The Prince and the Pauper王子与穷人,Henry James亨利詹姆斯 (1843-1916) Works:The Portrait of Lady贵妇画像, The Passionate Pilgrim and Other Stories, Daisy M
16、iller黛西米勒, The Golden Bowl金碗,Art,Realism in Art Gustave Courbet居斯塔夫库尔贝 (1819-1877) works: The Stonebreakers, Burial at Ornans,b. Jean-Francois Millet让弗朗索瓦米勒 (1814-1875) His works generally depict one or two peasant figures quietly engaged in earthly or domestic toil. Works: The Sower, Gleaners,Impressionism in Art,Generally speaking, the impressionists aimed at capturing the fleeting image of a scene taken in by the eye in real life and recreatin
