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1、Unit 8 Teaching Vocabulary,By Xu Zhijian,龙岩学院外国语学院,精品课程-英语教学法,Aims of this unit,What are some of the assumptions about vocabulary? What does knowing a word involve? How can we present new vocabulary items? What are some effective ways to consolidate vocabulary? How do we help students develop vocabu
2、lary learning?,IUnderstanding vocabulary and vocabulary learning. Although grammar is usually integrated with the teaching of vocabulary, we still consider it necessary to introduce ways to present and consolidate vocabulary.,The teaching of vocabulary has been studied for many decades, there are st
3、ill many uncertainties regarding: What constitutes a vocabulary item; Which vocabulary items should be taught and learned; How vocabulary can be taught and learned most effectively. (or similar questions of Task 1on P117.),Vocabulary does not just mean single words: compounds, phrases and even on oc
4、casion, whole sentences can be items of vocabulary. Most words in one language can be translated into another language, but not every single word and an equivalent. The article “the” in English, for example, has no exact equivalent in Chinese. Students can be consciously taught about ways of learnin
5、g vocabulary so that they become keenly aware of every opportunity for vocabulary expansion.,Task 2,If teachers and students know the difference between active and passive vocabulary, they can treat them differently. Translation is not the best way to explain new words. English-English explanation i
6、s better than translation, but again it is not the best for vocabulary teaching. There are many other more effective ways.,An English-English dictionary can be very helpful, though beginners may find it more comfortable to use a bilingual dictionary. It is more effective when words of related meanin
7、g are taught and learned together. Studying vocabulary in language contexts are more effective. Forgetting is inevitable. But if words are frequently used, they are less easy to forget.,II. What does knowing a word involve? knowing a word means knowing: its pronunciation and stress; its spelling and
8、 grammatical properties; its meaning; how and when to use it to express the intended meaning. (四会),1.What does it mean to know a word? Learning a word involves learning more than just the word itself. e.g. post office, mother-in-law There are multi-word units, such as: phrasal verbs, compound words
9、According to Hedge (2000),vocabulary learning involves at least two aspects of meaning: the understanding of its denotative and connotative meaning; understanding the sense relations among words,Denotative meaning（外延/指代意义） Denotative meaning of a word or a lexical item refers to those words that we
10、use to label things as regards real objects, such as name or a sign, etc. in the physical world. E.g. apple connotative meaning（内涵/隐涵意义） A connotative meaning of a word refers to the attitudes or emotions of a language user in choosing a word and the influence of these on the listener or readers int
11、erpretation of the word. This words that may express a positive or negative attitude or subtle feelings towards something. E.g. running-dog, dragon, big apple.,collocations Collocations refers to words that co-occur with high frequency and have been accepted as ways for the use of words. It is belie
12、ved that teaching word collocations is a more effective way than just teaching one single word at a time. synonyms, antonyms, hyponymshaiponimi (词义之间的)下义关系 Synonyms refer to items that mean the same, or nearly the same. Antonyms refer to items that mean the opposite of a word. Hyponyms refer to word
13、s which can be grouped together under the same superordinate (高一层的) concept.,Receptive and productive vocabulary,Receptive/Passive vocabulary/: the words one is able to recognize and comprehend in reading or listening but unable to use automatically in speaking or writing. Productive/Active vocabula
14、ry: the words one is not only able to recognize but also able to use in speech and writing .,Native speaker: Passive vocabulary: up to 100,000 words, Active vocabulary: between 10,000 and 20,000. Learners of intermediate to upper intermediate level Active vocabulary:3000 to 5000 words Passive vocabu
15、lary:5000 to 10,000 words For the teacher: guide and help students to add active vocabularies. At the beginning of language learning, all the words which are taught must be acquired for active use, later, for passive use.,Task 3 The implications of the English lexical system,Both denotative and conn
16、otative meaning need to be learned: Words are better understood in context. A group of related words is likely to be more memorable than a list of unrelated items, i.e. words learned with synonyms, antonyms or hyponyms; Knowledge of word formation is a useful source for developing vocabulary. Exploring sense relations among/between words kelp learning and remembering words. Teachers and learners need to be aware of the difference between receptive and productive vocabulary,II
