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1、动词的语态一、中考解读英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。所谓“被动语态”，相当于中文中常说的“被”、“由”的句式，如：“他的自行车被偷了。”，“这座楼房是由他们建造的。”被动语态是初中阶段英语学习的一个比较重要的语法形式，可能出现在各种题型里。武汉市英语学科的中考说明中，被动语态也位列其中。对于被动语态，中考应该掌握如下几点：1 主动语态和被动语态的概念2 被动语态的构成和形式3 被动语态的用法4 主动语态和被动语态间的相互转换二、考点解析1主动语态及被动词态的形式与意义下面两句话意思几乎相同： John speaks English. Engli
2、sh is spoken by John.在第一句中，动词speaks表示主语John是动作的执行者，这时就说它为主动语态（Active Voice）。第二句中的谓语 is spoken表示主语 English是动作的承受者，因此就说它处于被动语态（Passive Voice）。当主动结构的句子变为被动结构的句子时，有3个成分受到影响：主动语态的动词（如speaks）成为被动语态的动词： be+过去分词（如is spoken）；主动结构中的宾语（如第一句中的English）成为被动结构中的主语（如第二句中的English）；主动结构中的主语（如第一句中的John）变成被动结构句子中by的宾语（
3、如第二句中的John）。2主动语态和被动语态在不同时态中谓语部分的结构变化列表（以ask为例）：常用时态主动语态形式被动语态构成1一般现在时ask(s)am/is/are asked2一般过去时askedwas/were asked3一般将来时will askshall/will be asked4过去将来时would askshould/would be asked5现在进行时am/is/are askingam/is/are being asked6过去进行时was/were askingwas/were being asked7现在完成时have/has askedhave/has be
4、en asked8过去完成时had askedhad been asked9含有情态动词can/must/may askcan/must/may be asked3需要注意的几个问题：1）被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not；短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词；固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如：Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers
5、used to be sent here by the little girl.2）汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is said that It is well known that It is supposed thatIt is reported that It is hoped that3）下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door wont shut. The clothes wash well
6、. The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious.Water feels very cold.4）下面词或短语没有被动态：leave, enter, reach, become, last, fail, have, appear, happen, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, have on, lose heart等等5）双宾动词（由主动变被动有几种方式）：They send us magazines from time to time
7、Magazines are sent（to） us from time to timeWe are sent magazines from time to timeTeachers teach my class many subjectsMy class is taught many subjectsMany subjects are taught（to） my class4中考中常见考点1）A large number of engineers _ to Africa by our government to help the people there every year. (2009 山
8、西)A. have sent B. will send C. are sent分析：考查时态和语态的用法。答案：C思路：从句子里的by our government可知是被动语态，排除A；再由every year.表示经常性的行为，应用现在时态。故选C。2）Have you ever heard of Dolly, the cloned sheep? -Yes, she _ in Scotland a few years ago. （2009 福建晋江） A. created B. was discovered C. was created分析：考查主动语态和被动语态的用法以及词义的辨析。答案
9、：C思路：句子意思为：克隆羊Dolly是在几年前被创造的。首先，羊是被克隆的，所以排除A选项。Dolly原先是不存在的，所以不能用discover发现，而是create创造出来的，故选C。3）When and where to build the new school _ ? (2009 广东)A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided分析：这是一个综合考查动词时态及语态的题目。答案：A思路：句子的意思是：什么时候在什么地方建新学校还没有最后决定。从时态分析，现在时和完成时都不错没，但从
10、句子结构看，应该用被动语态，所以C、D两个选项都不考虑。句子的主语是由疑问词引导的动词不定式充当的，属于不可数范围，作单数处理，故选A。4）Hi, Jack. Did you go to Jims birthday party? No, I felt so sad. I _. (2009 淄博) A. didnt invite B. wasnt invited C. am not invited D. hadnt invited分析：此题是一个综合考查动词时态及语态的题目。答案：B思路：从句子意思看，我没有被邀请，应选择被动语态，所以A和D选项就不用考虑了。同时，“被邀请”这个动作发生在说话之
11、前，不是经常发生的动作，所以不考虑用一般现在时，故此题选B。5） Great changes have taken place in this city. Right. Many modern tall buildings have been _ these years. （2007 武汉）A. turned up B. put up C. shown up D. fixed up 分析：此题考查的被动语态中短语动词的辨析。答案：B思路：根据句意，很多现代化的高楼被建起来，四个选项意思分别是“出现”、“建造”、“揭露”、“安装、凝视”，故选B。6）- Whos the little baby
12、in the photo, Susan? - Its me. This photo _ ten years ago. (2008 北京) A. takes B. is taken C. took D. was taken分析：此题主要是考查过去时被动语态的用法。答案：D思路：take photo“拍照”、“照相”，photo在此作主语，因此只能用被动语态，故不考虑A和C两个选项。句子中的ten years ago是个表示过去的时间状语，故此题选D。三、专题训练1. 基础知识：1. About 500 cars _ in the factory next month. A. were produ
13、ced B. will produce C. have been produced D. will be produced2. Can I help you? - The letter is _ in French. I cannot read it. A. writing B. written C. wrote D. writes3. I wasnt at home yesterday. I _ to help with the harvest on the farm. A. asked B. was asked C. was asking D. had asked4. Can you si
14、ng this English song? - Of course I can. It _ often _ by children. A. is; sang B. will; sing C. are; sung D. is; sung5. No one knows how the huge rocks _ and _ without our modern machines eight hundred years ago. A. are cut; moved B. were cut; move C. are cut; moving D. were cut; moved6. When _ this kind of computer _? - Last year. A. did; use B. was; used C. is;
