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1、 学英语 找长喜LECTURE 2 名词性从句本堂目标：熟悉四种名词从句主语从句特征，重点掌握it结构的主语从句与强调句型的区别、宾语从句中的否定后移、名词从句的嵌套结构等，学会快速分析长难句。基础预习 所谓名词性从句，就是把这个句子当作名词使用，并在句子中充当一定的句子成分。名词性从句一般可在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语。于是我们就有了常说的四种名词性从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句一律都用陈述语气。【名词性从句总结表】 从句引导词连词关系代词关系副词主语从句that, whether, if(不能放句首)what, whatever, who, whoeve
2、r, whose, whosever, which, whicheverwhen, whenever, where, wherever, how, however, why表语从句that, whether, because, as, as if, as thoughwhen, where, how, why等宾语从句that, whether, ifwhen, whenever, where, wherever, how, however, why同位语从句that, whether一、主语从句主语从句是指作主语的从句，有三种类型：1由that引导的主语从句that引导的主语从句是最常见的主
3、语从句，但把that从句放在句首是很少见的，只有为了强调或谓语较长时，that从句才放在句首。一般而言，that从句都借助形式主语it而放在句子后部分去。复习主语从句时重点注意形式主语的使用。主语从句无论出现在哪里，that都不能省略。由that引导的主语从句主要有以下几类：分类常见结构It be+名词+that从句It is a pity that可惜的是It is a fact that事实是It is good news that真实太好了。It is no wonder that难怪It is common knowledge that是常识。It be+形容词+that从句It is
4、 possible that很可能It is certain that可以相信It is necessary that有必要It is likely that很可能It is fortunate that幸运的是It is+过去分词+that从句It is believed that人们相信It is said that据说It is reported that据报道It is generally thought that人们普遍认为It has been found out that现已发现It should be noted that应当注意到It+不及物动词+that从句It seems
5、 that似乎It happens that碰巧It follows that因此；由此可见It turns out that结果证明是其他结构It occurs to sb. that某人突然想起It dawns upon/on sb. that某人突然想起It makes no difference that无所谓。It doesnt need to be bothered that不必担忧It is of little consequence that无关紧要。【例】(99-Passage 3)It should be observed, of course, that no schoo
6、l, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose. 【点睛】It作形式主语，主语从句 that no schoolover its purpose是句子的真正主语。【译文】当然应该看到的是，不管是职业学校、还是普通学校，目标混乱都是有害无益的。【例】It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10, 000 vehicles per hour, compared with the 1, 500 to 2, 000 vehicles
7、that can be carried by a present-day highway.【点睛】It作形式主语，that引导的主语从句为真正的主语。【译文】据估计，自动公路系统一个小时能够处理10000辆汽车，而目前一条公路只能容纳1500到2000辆。2由连接代（副）词引导的主语从句连接代词who, which和连接副词when, where, why, how都可引导主语从句，这些连接词在从句中作主语、宾语或状语，不可省略。由它们引导的主语从句，也可用形式主语it引导。【例】It is no mystery to me why many teenagers appear apatheti
8、c and burned out, with a “been there, done that” air of difference toward much of it.【点睛】It作形式主语，why引导的主语从句为真正的主语。【译文】我一点都不奇怪为什么许多青少年表现得麻木不仁、无精打采。对生活抱着一种“都见过了，都经历过了”的无所谓态度。3由关系代词what或whatever引导的主语从句what以及whatever等关系代词都可引导主语从句，它们在主语从句中担当成分，不可省略。【例】(99-Passage 5)What this amounts to, of course, is tha
9、t the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. 【点睛】What引导的从句What this amounts to作句子的主语，that the scientisthis own writings为表语从句。【译文】当然，这无异于说这位科学家已成为自己所写的报告的牺牲品。二、宾语从句在句子中担当宾语的是一个从句，这个从句就叫做宾语从句。宾语从句使用的连词、关系代词、关系副词等与主语从句和表语从句一样是that，whether，who，wh- +ever等词。1宾语从句的时态在写作中值得注意的是，宾语从句和其他名词性从句不同，
10、它的时态会受到主句时态的限制。当主句是现在的时态时（一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根据实际情况而定（可以是任意时态）。【例1】(05-Text 1)But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. 【点睛】本句的主干结构是a study suggests that。此处that引导
11、宾语从句；主句用的一般现在时，从句根据实际情况也用的一般现在时。【译文】但是，由佐治亚州亚特兰大市艾莫里大学的沙拉布鲁斯南和弗兰斯德威尔发表在自然杂志上的研究表明，猴子身上也有这样的行为。当主句是过去的时态时（一般过去时，过去进行时），从句的时态要变为相应的过去的时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时和过去完成时）。【例2】(06-Text 4)In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers
12、 that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. 【点睛】that their souls were in danger和that they would someday be meat for worms为并列的宾语从句，作reminded的宾语。reminded用了一般过去时，所以其后的宾语从句也用了相应的过去时态。【译文】在西方，在大众传媒和读写普及之前，最强大的大众媒体是教堂，它提醒信徒们，他们的灵魂处于危险之中，他们总有一天会成为蠕虫的食物。但某些特殊的动词如suggest,
13、insist, order, urge, recommend等动词后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，详细讲解请参照“虚拟语气讲堂”。【例3】(99-Passage 4)Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independe
14、nt panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.【点睛】order后接that引导的宾语从句，该宾语从句的谓语用了虚拟语气“（should）+动词原形”的形式，即be used for。【译文】他宣布反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人，下令不能用联邦基金去做这样的实验尽管还没有人提议要那么做并责成由
15、普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德夏皮罗主持的独立专家小组在90天内就人类克隆的国策建议，向白宫汇报。2介词宾语从句1）that引导的从句作介词的宾语介词后一般不能直接跟that引导的宾语从句，但以下几个介词除外：besides, but, except, in , 前三个介词+连词被整体看则引导条件状语从句，in that引导原因状语从句。这些介词和后面的that已被当成固定搭配作复合连接词使用。【例】I could say nothing but that I was sorry.我除了说抱歉之外，没什么可说的。I know nothing about him except that he is an engineer. 除了知道他是一个工程师之外，我对他的情况一无所知。He differed from other people in that he always looked farther ahead in his
