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1、 文都国际教育官方网站：http:/ Industrializationin the Netherlands and Scandinavia看到这个题目就要想到：1. Netherlands and Scandinavia 是什么?2.为什么要讲industrialization ?带着问题来看文章：While some European countries, such as England and Germany, began to industrialize in the eighteenth century, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian co
2、untries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden developed later. All four of these countries lagged considerably behind in the early nineteenth century. However, they industrialized rapidly in the second half of the century, especially in the last two or three decades. In view oftheir later start and their l
3、ack of coalundoubtedly the main reason they werenot among the early industrializersit is important to understand the sources of their success.读完第一段，第1个问题就解决了：Netherlands and Scandinavia是指荷兰以及丹麦、挪威、瑞典这些国家。第2个问题也有解决：这些地区的工业化发展晚却成功一定有什么原因。(预判：下面的段落就开始就原因展开了)All had small populations. At the beginning o
4、f the nineteenth century, Denmark and Norway had fewer than 1million people, while Sweden and the Netherlands had fewer than 2.5 millionin habitants. All exhibited moderate growth rates in the course of the century (Denmark the highest and Sweden the lowest), but all more than doubled in population
5、by 1900. Density varied greatly. The Netherlands had one of the highest population densities in Europe, whereas Norway and Sweden had the lowest Denmark was in between but closer to the Netherlands.第一个原因：人少Considering human capital as a characteristic of the population, however, all four countries w
6、ere advantaged by the large percentages of their populations who could read and write. In both 1850 and 1914, the Scandinavian countries had the highest literacy rates in Europe, or in the world, and the Netherlands was well above the European average. This fact was of enormous value in helping the
7、national economies find their niches in the evolving currents of the international economy.继续第一个原因：人少素质高。Location was an important factor for allfour countries. All had immediate access to the sea, and this had important implications for a significant international resource, fish, as well as for che
8、ap transport, merchant marines, and the ship building industry. Each took advantage of these opportunities in its own way. The people of the Netherlands, with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping, had difficulty in developing good harbors suitable for steamships: eventually they did
9、 so at Rotterdam and Amsterdam, with exceptional results for transit trade with Germany and central Europe and for the processing of overseas food stuffs and raw materials (sugar, tobacco, chocolate, grain, and eventually oil). Denmark also had an admirable commercial history, particularly with resp
10、ect to traffic through the Sound (the strait separating Denmark and Sweden). In 1857, in return for a payment of 63million kronor from other commercial nations, Denmark abolished the Sound tolldues the fees it had collected since 1497 for the use of the Sound. This, along with other policy shifts to
11、ward free trade, resulted in a significant increasein traffic through the Sound and in the port of Copenhagen.第二个原因：地理位置优越。The political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth. The nineteenth century passed relatively peacefully for t
12、hese countries, with progressive democratization taking place in all of them. They were reasonably well governed, without notable corruption or grandiose state projects, although in all of them the government gave some aid to railways, and in Sweden the state built the main lines. As small countries
13、 dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal trade policy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden. In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth, resulting in a new class of
14、 peasant land owners with a definite market orientation.第三个原因：政治体制没有对工业化和经济的增长设置过多的障碍。The key factor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, which contributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to
15、stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited. This meant a great dependence on international commerce, which had notorious fluctuations; but it also meant high returns to those factors of production that were fortunate enough to be well placed in times of prosperity. In Swedenexports accounted for 18 percent of the national income in 1870, and in 1913, 22 percent of a much larger national income. In the early twentieth century, Denmark exported 63 p
