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1、非谓语动词的时态和语态问题不定式、动名词和现在分词都有时态和语态的变化.不定式主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式To doTo be done动作发生在谓语动作之后进行式To be doing与谓语动作同时发生完成式To have doneTo have been done动作发生在谓语动作之前动名词和现在分词主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式DoingBeing done与谓语动作同时发生完成式Having doingHaving been done动作发生在谓语动作之前一、非谓语动词的时态问题不定式或动词的-ing形式(包括现在分词和动名词)的动作若发生在谓语动词的动作之前，用完成
2、式，否则就用一般式。例：1. I dont know whether you happen _, but Im going to study in the U. S. A. this September. (辽宁卷)A. to be heardB. to be hearingC. to hear D. to have heard【分析】答案选D。hear发生在谓语dont know之前，用不定式的完成式。句意是：我不知道你是否已经听说过了，今年九月我要去美国学习。2. The old man, _ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to h
3、is motherland. (江苏卷)A. to work B. working C. to have workedD. having worked【分析】答案选D。work发生在谓语(返回祖国)之前，用现在分词的完成式作状语，表示时间，相当于after he has worked abroad不定式作状语不能表示时间。3. “We cant go out in this weather,” said Bob, _ out of the window. (四川卷)A. looking B. to lookC. lookedD. having looked【分析】答案选A。look out o
4、f the window与谓语动词said同时发生，用现在分词的一般式作状语，表示伴随情况。若表示不定式的动作与谓语动作同时发生，并强调正在进行的情景或持续性，可用进行式。如：He seems to be reading a newspaper. 他好像在看报。二、非谓语动词的语态问题当不定式或动词的-ing形式与其逻辑主语是主动关系，用主动式；是被动关系，用被动式。如：Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. (全国卷)A. to be takenB. to takeC. being takenD. taking【分析】答案选
5、A。句子主语Little Jim与take是被动关系，“被带去看戏”发生在“想(should love=want)”后，所以用不定式的被动式作宾语。说明：动词不定式用主动形式表被动含义的情况：在作表语或宾补的形容词后用状语时；作定语修饰have, there be, this / that / these / those be等后面的名词或代词时；作表语的to blame等。如：1. The text is difficult to learn. 这篇课文很难学。(to learn主动表被动)2. We found the text difficult to learn. 我们觉得这篇课文很难
6、学。(to learn主动表被动)3. He was to blame for that. 他因此受到了责备。(作表语的to blame主动表被动) 4. Im going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything _ ? (上海卷)A. to be buyingB. to buyC. for buyingD. bought【分析】答案选B。表示“有要”，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。need, want和require表示“需要”，主语通常是物时，后面除用不定式的被动式外，也可用-ing形式的主动形式表示被动。如：There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _ road conditions need _. (上海卷)A. that; to be improvedB. which; to be improvedC. where; improvingD. when; improving【分析】答案选A。need improving=need to be improved。that引导的从句与problem是同位语。
