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1、Operant Conditioning,Cassie Tobin,What is Operant Conditioning?,The form of learning where a response increases in frequency as a result of it being followed by a reinforcement. Students often learn and demonstrate new behaviors for the consequences that those behaviors bring. Example: Sandy studies
2、 hard for her Accounting test. She gets an A on the test.,Terms,Operant an action that operates on the environment to produce a change in the environment Reinforcer an event when which made upon the occurrence of an operant increases the probability of the operant Punisher an event when which made u
3、pon the occurrence of an operant decreases the probability of the operant,Operant Conditioning,A theory used by many different people. B.F. Skinner and John Watson Reinforcement is a main concept of the theory One distinctive aspect of Skinners theory is that it attempted to provide behavioral expla
4、nations for a broad range of phenomena.,Operant Conditioning,Operant conditioning has been widely applied in clinical settings as well as teaching and instructional development.,Operant Conditioning,Appropriate and productive behaviors are acquired because of the desirable outcome that may occur. Ma
5、ny inappropriate and undesirable behaviors may be acquired for the same reason.,Three Essential Conditions for Operant Conditioning,The individual must make a response. Behaviorists say that little is accomplished when the students just sit and listen to their teacher. Students are more likely to le
6、arn when they are making active responses within the classroom. Example: Students will learn their cursive letters more easily by writing them.,Three Essential Conditions for Operant Conditioning,A reinforcer must follow the response. To be most effective, the reinforcer should occur immediately aft
7、er the response. The closer it occurs to the response the more effective it will be to the students. Example: A teacher gives her students several minutes of free time after they complete an assignment. Delayed reinforcers are more likely to be effective with older students.,Three Essential Conditio
8、ns for Operant Conditioning,The reinforcer must be presented only when the response has occurred. Example: A teacher who praises her students only when they behave appropriately. The reinforcer should never occur when the response does not occur. Example: A teacher who laughs at inappropriate behavi
9、or of her students.,Types of Reinforcers,Positive Reinforcement the basis of all conditioning. Negative Reinforcement involves the removal of a bad consequence when the response is performed. Positive Punishment involves the presentation of a bad consequence when the response is performed Negative P
10、unishment involves the removal of a good consequence when the response is performed,Operant Conditioning vs. Classical Conditioning,Classical conditioning also contains a stimulus and a response. Operant conditioning varies in two ways The order of the stimulus and the response. The nature of the re
11、sponse.,How teachers should use Operant Conditioning in the classroom,Use reinforcement rather than punishment, otherwise use them together, if at all possible. Select reinforcers carefully Immediacy Source Frequency Learners themselves,Sources,http:/tip.psychology.org/skinner.html http:/chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/behsys/operant.html http:/www.general.uwa.edu.au/u/kraepeln/bs/bs130/operant.htm,
