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1、牛津初中英语语法网络图一名词I. 名词的种类：专有名词 普通名词可数名词 不可数名词国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则 例词1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加-es l
2、eaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives3以-f 或-fe 结尾的词 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词，变 y 为 i 加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词，或专有名词以 y 结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ra
3、y-rays, Henry-Henrys一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos6以辅音字母加-o 结尾的名词两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7 以元音字母加-o 结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8 以-th 结尾的名词加-s tr
4、uth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则 例词1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, com
5、passes, contents4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6 复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times( 时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸),
6、manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins( 废墟)加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese7 表示“某国人” 以-man 或-woman 结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
7、无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches8 合成名词将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servantsIII. 名 词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s 构成，二是由介 词 of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的 东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s 所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加s the boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,一般在末尾加 the teachers room, the twins mo
8、ther, 复数名词 不规则复数名词后加s the childrens toys, womens rights, 以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s 或者 Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers
9、, the tailors, my uncles2. s 所有格的用法： 表示时间 todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2 表示自然现象 the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4 表示工作群体 the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5 表示度量衡及价值 a miles journey, five dollars
10、worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7 某些固定词组 a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of 所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed二冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a
11、, an ），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：1 指一类人或事，相当于 a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.3 表示“每一”相当于 every，one We study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相当于 the same We are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outT
12、hat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6 用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7 用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such 之后 This room is rather a big one.8 用于 so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法：1 表示某一类人或物 The horse is
13、a useful animal.2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of th
14、e two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China.10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990s11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示 时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠 词的用法：1专有名词，物质
15、名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America.5 学科，语言，球类，棋 类名词前 He likes p
16、laying football/chess.6 与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land7 以 and 连接的两个相对的名 词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.三代词：I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they代词 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their2物主代词名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, it
