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1、Accounting is a measure used by an entity (profit or non-profit) to accumulate, dispose, communicate and convey economic information. 会计是一个实体单位（营利的或者非营利的）对其经济信息进行归集和处理、沟通和传达的一种手段。Accounting entity assumption 会计主体假设 Going-concern assumption 持续经营假设 Accounting period assumption 会计期间假设 Currency-measurem
2、ent assumption 货币计量假设Assets=Liabilities + Owners Equity 资产=负债+所有者权益Which one is liability unearned revenueWhich of the following belongs to asset raw-materialWhich of the following belongs to current asset inventoryThe fundamental accounting equation is Assets=Liabilities + Owners EquityThe trial ba
3、lance is used to determine whether the total of debits equals the total of credits.试算平衡表是用来确定是否借方总额等于贷方总额。Revenue and expense accounts are temporary accounts used to accumulate data related to a specific accounting year. 收入和费用类账户是用来累积和特定会计年度相关数据的暂时性账户。According to different economic contents reflect
4、ed, accounting statements can be classified as static statements and dynamic statements.按会计报表反映经济内容的不同，可分为静态报表和动态报表。According to the time-span of preparation, accounting statements can be classified as month statements, quarter statements, semi-annual statements and annual statements.按会计编制时间的不同，可一分为
5、月报表，季报表，半年报表和年报表。According to various subjects of preparation, accounting statements can be classified as specified, combined, and aggregated statements.按会计报表编制的主体不同，可以分为个别会计报表、合并会计报表、汇总会计报表。According to different serving targets, accounting statements can be classified as internal and external stat
6、ement.按会计报表服务对象的不同，可以分为内部报表和外部报表。Balance sheet is the statements that reflects the financial position of an enterprise on a specific date (such as the end of month, quarter or year).It is based on the accounting equation of Assets= Liabilities + Owners equity,资产负债表是反映企业某一特定日期（如月末、季末、年末）财务状况的会计报表。它是根
7、据“资产=负债+所有者权益”这一会计等式，Nowadays, the popular formats of balance sheet in international world are mainly account style and report style.目前，国际上流行的资产负债表格式主要有账户式和报告式两种。Income statement is also called profit and loss statement, which reflects the operating results of an enterprise in a specific accounting
8、period.利润表又称损益表，是反映企业在一定会计期间经营成果的报表。The two major formats of income statements are multi-step income statement and single-step income statement.利润表的格式主要有多步式利润表和单步格式利润表两种。Cash is obviously the most liquid of all assets.现金资产显然是所有资产中最具有流动性的资产。There are two principal systems of inventory accounting, per
9、iodic and perpetual. When the periodic system is used, only the revenue from sales is recorded each time a sale made.对存货的会计处理有两种主要的制度，即定期盘存制和永续盘存制。采用定期盘存制时，只登记每次销售的销货收入，销售时对已出售商品的成本不作任何记录。Specific identification method具体辨认法Weighted average method加权平均法First-in, First-out (FIFO) method先进先出法Last-in, Fi
10、rst-out (LIFO) method后进先出法1. The balance in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts, at any given time, represents:a. Estimated uncollectible uncollectible accounts receivable not yet written off.2. The method of increasing the expense when the business writes an account off is called:d. Direct write-off me
11、thod3. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts is:d. The estimated amount of Accounts Receivable that will not be collected.5. The Net Realizable Value of Accounts Receivable is:b. Accounts Realizable minus Allowance for Doubtful Accounts.Accounts Realizable is classified as current asset. 对The Allowance fo
12、r Uncollectible Accounts is a liability because it usually has a net credit ending balance. 错Interest of 8 percent on $1,000 for 60 days would be computed as follows:8%*$1,000*60/360对Inventory pricing methods can be changed from period to period at will to control net income.错The cost method 成本法 The
13、 equity method：When the percentage of ownership is between 20 and 50 percent , the investor company has the potential to exert “ significant influence ” over the investee company , the investor company uses the equity method to account for the equity investment .权益法：当投资者的所有权达到20%到50%，投资公司有可能对被投资公司施以
14、“重大影响”时，投资公司应运用权益法记录其产权投资。当所有权超过50%时，这两个实体作为一个整体编制合并财务报表。The basic purpose of depreciation is to achieve the matching principle .折旧的基本目的是实现配比原则。Annual depreciation expense = (Cost Residual value)/Years of useful life 每年折旧费用=（成本-残余价值）/使用年限Depreciation per unit = (Cost - Residual value)/Estimated unit
15、s of output 每单位折旧=（成本-残余价值）预计单位产出Intangible assets include organization costs , patents , copyrights , franchises , goodwill , leaseholds , trademarks ,etc .无形资产包括组织成本、专利、版权、特许经营权、商誉、租借、商标等。Those loan interests and rent that should be taken in current period cannot be disposed as long-term expenses
16、to be amortized . 应当由本期负担的借款利息、租金等，不得作为长期待摊费用处理。Short-term loans are various loans within one year borrowed from banks and other financial organizations and mainly concerned about the need of normal operation .短期借款是企业为了正常经营需要向银行或其他金融机构借入的期限在一年以内的各种借款。Advances from customer are the amount received from the purchaser in advance , which is discharged by goods
