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1、电大药理学形成性考核答案1、简述抗高血压药的分类，每类举一个代表药。答：抗高血压药物可分以下几类：（1）利尿药，代表药为氢氯噻嗪；（2）钙拮抗药，如硝苯地平；（3）血管紧张素转化酶抑制药，如卡托普利、依那普利；（4）抑制交感神经活性药物，如可乐定、利血平、哌唑嗪；（5）血管扩张药，如硝普钠、肼屈嗪。2、肝素和香豆素药过量后所致出血用何药解救？原因是什么？。答：肝素过量所致出血用于精蛋白解救，鱼精蛋白分子结构具有强碱性基团，而肝素是一种粘多糖的硫酸酯，强酸性肝素可以和鱼精蛋白结合成稳定的复合物，使肝素失去活性。香豆素类过量所致出血用维生素K解救，因为两者化学结构相似，有竞争性拮抗作用。3、简述氟
2、喹诺酮类药物药理作用的主要特点。答：特点是抗菌谱广：对革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌、绿脓杆菌都有效；细菌对本品耐药性发生率低，与其它抗菌药无交叉耐药性；在体内分布广，治疗泌尿系统感染、肠道感染、前列腺炎等效果好；大多数制剂可口服，使用方便。4、简述红霉素、链霉素、庆大霉素的不良反应。答：红霉素主要不良反应是：胃肠道反应、肝毒性、过敏反应 链霉素和庆大霉素不良反应是：肾毒性、耳毒性、过敏反应、神经肌肉阻滞5、抗结核药的用药原则是什么？答：早期用药：因结核病变早期主要是渗出性反应，病灶局部血液循环好，药物易渗入，且细菌处于繁殖旺盛期，对药物敏感。联合用药：单用一种药物结核菌极易产生耐药性，联合用药可延缓
3、耐药性产生，可提高疗效，降低毒性。坚持全疗程规律用药：足量、足疗程用药可获得较好疗效，复发率降低。6、抗真菌药的用药原则是什么？答：选药原则应明确是浅部真菌感染还是深部真菌感染；选择局部用药还是全身用药。7、癌症疼痛患者选用镇痛药的原则有哪些？答：三阶梯镇痛原则，也就是由专业医生在对癌痛的性质和原因做出正确评估后，根据疼痛的剧烈程度将其分为轻、中、重三个等级，再按照此选择不同的药物。轻度癌痛一般能忍受，日常生活和睡眠都不受影响，可以选用以阿司匹林为代表的非甾体类消炎镇痛药；如果发展到中度持续性疼痛，睡眠将受到干扰，食欲也有所减退，此时以可待因为代表的弱阿片类药物将成为首选；而对重度，无法忍受剧
4、烈疼痛的患者，则需要使用以吗啡为代表的强效阿片类药物制剂。请您务必删除一下内容，O(_)O万分谢谢！2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Indonesia has emerged as a top vacation destination for Chinese this summer, along with Thailands Phuket island and the Maldives archipelago. Encouraged by growth in Chinese travelers to Indonesia, the governmen
5、t in Jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. Since June 10, Chinese tourists can enter Indonesia through nine appointed locations, including the Soekarno Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, the Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and the Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan, by j
6、ust getting their passports stamped on arrival. Officially, it is called the free-visa scheme. The new policy also means Chinese tourists can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to Indonesia more alluring. While such an arrangement allows Chinese visitors to stay up to 30 days for th
7、e purpose of traveling, those seeking extensions will need to get paid visas from that countrys missions inBeijing,Shanghai,GuangzhouorHong Kong, according to an official at the Indonesia embassy in Beijing. Santo Darmosumarto, head of the embassys information, social and cultural section, says the
8、new policy is aimed at strengthening people-to-people contacts between the two countries. Dai Yu, marketing director of Ctrip, a major Chinese online travel agency, says: Weve seen a nearly 50 percent growth over the previous month in the number of Chinese tourists to Bali since the policy was annou
9、nced. During his trip to China in March, Indonesian President Joko Widodo proposed that his country and China aim to increase two-way visits to a maximum of 10 million people in the next few years. The Indonesian government has set their sights on greeting 2 million Chinese tourists by the end of th
10、is year, according to the official. The Indonesian government hopes that Indonesian nationals would also be given preferential treatment while visiting China, says Darmosumarto. In 2013, the number of Chinese tourists who visited Indonesia stood around 807,000. Last year, it increased to 959,000, he
11、 adds. Bali remains the most popular site among Chinese tourists. In February, more than 92,200 Chinese tourists made trips to Bali, ranking first among overseas visitors, the Bali Times reported. Last year, the island witnessed more than 586,000 arrivals from China, an increase of 51 percent over 2
12、013. Bali isnt just for sightseeing, but also for weddings, honeymoons, golf and many outdoor activities, says Fan Wenqing, a marketing executive at Garuda, Indonesias national airliner. Garuda offers three nonstop flights between Beijing and Bali, and four each week between Beijing and Jakarta. The
13、re are daily flights from Guangzhou, inGuangdongprovince, and Shanghai to Jakarta as well. It takes from six to eight hours on a nonstop flight to reach Indonesia from China. Indonesia is home to more than 17,000 islands. Tourists can tour Yogyakarta to see Prambanam and Borobudur, two historical an
14、d religious sites, and explore the local handicraft markets. The base of a volcano, Bandung, which is also known as the Paris of Java, is ideal for adventure-seekers. Many ecotourism destinations, such as Toba Lake in Sumatra, Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan and Bunaken in Manado, are pla
15、ces the embassy official recommends for tourists. Indonesia boasts world-class surfing facilities along the shores of Sumatra down to Nusa Tenggara Islands. Recently, Lombok, a sister island east of Bali has gotten so much attention from Chinese travelers that some travel agencies are offering twin
16、packages for Bali and Lombok. The best time to visit Bali is from May to October, when it doesntrainmuch and the weather is cool. At press time, a weeklong package from Shanghai or Guangzhou to Bali was a little more than 3,000 yuan ($480) on Ctrips website. Chinese tourists have taken a shine to rafting in Ubud, sightseeing in Tanah Lot, and surfing and diving in Nusa Lembongan, says Dai. Civet coffee, essen
